The Brain Drain: Determinants, Measurements and Welfare EffectsTheoretical studies of the determinants of migration by skilled persons and the output and welfare effects of such migration on the migrants and the countries of departure and destination. The volume measures the numbers of highly skilled migrants from different countries to the U.S. and Canada, with an analysis of policy alternatives. |
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academic adjustment American analysis assumed assumption Austria average balance born brain drain calculations Canada Canadian Canadian economists cent Chapter Column deadweight loss developed countries earnings foregone Economic economists educational cost effects emigration estimates expenditures externalities factor factor of production Figure foreign student exchange foreign students Foreign-Born Scientists fully educated gain graduate Grubel higher education highly skilled persons holders human capital Human Migration important income redistribution International Migration isoquant labor magnitude maintenance cost manpower measure National Science Foundation native countries number of students opportunity costs output period Personnel Ph.D physical capital population present production professional proportion psychic income Rank ratio redistribution reduce relative result scientific scientists and engineers self-support short-run losses shown social sources statistics students abroad Table tion U.S. cost U.S. immigration U.S. Scientists undergraduate United Kingdom visa welfare workers