Disability Discrimination Law, Evidence and Testimony: A Comprehensive Reference Manual for Lawyers, Judges and Disability ProfessionalsThis book covers employment, state and local government, public accommodations, telecommunications, housing and zoning, education, and criminal and civil institutions. It addresses practical ways to maximize the benefits of the client-lawyer relationship, including potentially divisive questions surrounding the need for accommodations and the ethical duties of lawyers to clients with disabilities. Also discusses expert evidence and testimony in disability discrimination cases. Includes numerous appendices to assist you in your research of disability discrimination cases. |
Contents
A HISTORY OF DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION LAW | 1 |
102 The Abuse of Persons with Mental Disabilities in Civil Institutions | 4 |
b Rights in Institutions | 5 |
c Rights of Citizenship Lost | 6 |
103 The Rights of People in Mental Institutions | 7 |
a The Right to Treatment | 8 |
b Rights in Involuntary Commitment Hearings | 10 |
c Deinstitutionalization | 11 |
ii Fundamental Alteration Exception | 252 |
iii Specific Types of Required Modifications | 253 |
903 Architectural and Other Barriers to Goods and | 256 |
b Readily Achievable for Existing Structures | 258 |
c Personal Devices and Services Accessibility of Special Goods | 260 |
904 New Construction and Alterations | 261 |
b Alterations | 263 |
d Elevator Exemption | 265 |
104 Rehabilitation and CommunityBased Rights and Services | 13 |
a Federal Legislation | 14 |
ii The Rehabilitation Act | 15 |
iii The Education of All Handicapped Childrens Act | 16 |
iv Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act | 17 |
b SelfDetermination and Personal Autonomy | 18 |
a SelfAdvocacy | 19 |
b The ADA and Its Limitations | 20 |
106 ADA Enactment Implementation and Enforcement | 22 |
b Early Warnings | 23 |
c ADA Litigation in the Federal Courts | 24 |
ii Qualified Person with a Disability | 26 |
iii Essential Job Functions | 27 |
v Direct Threat to Health or Safety | 28 |
vi Reasonable Accommodation | 29 |
107 Conclusion | 30 |
LEGAL OVERVIEW OF KEY STATUTES AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY LIMITATIONS | 33 |
i Findings and Purposes | 34 |
iii Reasonable Accommodations and Modifications | 35 |
b Rehabilitation Act | 36 |
c FHAA | 37 |
e FMLA | 38 |
f PA | 39 |
ii Client Assistance Program | 40 |
vi TechnologyRelated Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act | 41 |
ix PA for Voter Assistance | 42 |
b ADA Title I | 43 |
c FMLA | 44 |
d ADA Title II | 45 |
e Section 504 and the IDEA | 48 |
203 State Laws | 49 |
DISABILITY DEFINITIONS IN FEDERAL AND STATE DISCRIMINATION LAWS | 51 |
a ThreePronged Disability Definition | 52 |
b Substantial Limitation | 54 |
i Mitigation | 56 |
c Major Life Activities | 58 |
d Associating with Persons with a Known Disability | 60 |
e Specific DisabilityBased Exclusions | 61 |
f Otherwise Qualified Direct Threat | 63 |
302 IDEA | 65 |
303 FMLA | 66 |
304 State Laws | 68 |
ENFORCEMENT UNDER FEDERAL AND STATE DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION LAWS | 71 |
Employment | 73 |
Public Services | 78 |
Public Accommodations | 80 |
Telecommunications | 82 |
Miscellaneous | 83 |
402 IDEA | 85 |
403 FHAA | 88 |
404 FMLA | 90 |
405 ACAA | 91 |
406 State Discrimination Law | 92 |
b Public Services | 93 |
c Public Accommodations | 94 |
d Housing | 96 |
ATTORNEYS FEES IN FEDERAL AND STATE DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION CASES | 99 |
b Prevailing Parties | 102 |
ii Defendants | 104 |
c Reasonable Fees and Costs | 105 |
502 State Attorneys Fees Statutes | 106 |
b Public Services | 107 |
d Housing | 108 |
EFFECTIVE REPRESENTATION OF CLIENTS WITH DISABILITIES AND THE CLIENTLAWYER RELATIONSHIP | 109 |
602 The Clients Perspective | 110 |
b Communicating with a Lawyer | 111 |
iii Be Forthcoming About Any Legally Relevant Disability | 112 |
d Paying a Lawyer | 115 |
i Common Classes of Disabilities | 116 |
b Communicating with Clients | 123 |
c Legal Duty to Provide Reasonable Accommodations | 124 |
d SelfDetermination for Clients | 125 |
Rights and Money | 126 |
604 The Case Perspective | 127 |
b Civil Rights | 128 |
c Benefits | 129 |
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION | 131 |
b Rehabilitation Act | 134 |
ii Section 502 | 135 |
iv Section 504 | 136 |
c ADA Title I | 137 |
ii Definition of EmployerEmployee Jurisdiction Standing | 138 |
d State Laws | 140 |
702 ADA Disability Definition As Applied to Employment | 142 |
703 Qualified Individual with a Disability Judicial Estoppel Direct Threat | 145 |
c Judicial Estoppel | 149 |
d Direct Threat | 151 |
ii Direct Threat to Self | 153 |
705 Medical Leave | 156 |
b FMLA | 157 |
i Definition of Covered Employer | 158 |
Hours of Service | 159 |
iv Serious Health Condition | 160 |
v Notice Requirements | 161 |
vi Twelve Weeks of Leave | 162 |
706 Medical Exams and Inquiries Confidentiality | 164 |
c PostOffer | 166 |
e Voluntary | 167 |
g Confidentiality Requirements | 168 |
708 Reasonable Accommodation | 171 |
b Undue Hardship | 174 |
c Types of Accommodations | 175 |
ii Job ReassignmentTransfers | 176 |
iii Parttime or Modified Work Schedules Medical Leave | 178 |
iv Changing Supervisors or Supervisory Methods Training | 179 |
709 Proving Discrimination | 180 |
b Prima Facie Case | 182 |
i Material Adverse Change Mixed Motive | 183 |
c Legitimate Reason | 184 |
e Retaliation Harassment Hostile Work Environment | 186 |
f Reasonable Accommodation McDonnell Douglas | 187 |
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ANS OTHER PUBLIC SERVICES | 189 |
802 Section 504 | 190 |
803 ADA Title II | 191 |
ii Qualified Individual with a DisabilityDirect Threat | 192 |
iii General Prohibitions | 195 |
iv Reasonable Modifications | 196 |
v Integration Mandate | 197 |
vi Exclusionary Eligibility Criteria | 198 |
viii Effective Communication | 199 |
Discrimination Generally | 200 |
Existing Facilities | 201 |
New Construction and Alterations | 202 |
Public Transportation | 203 |
ii Paratransit Demand Responsive Systems | 204 |
iii New and Existing Facilities | 205 |
804 State Laws Generally | 206 |
805 Integrated Services | 208 |
b InstitutionBased Programs | 210 |
c CommunityBased Services | 211 |
d Temporary Assistance to Needy Families TANF | 213 |
806 Termination of Parental Rights | 214 |
807 Correctional Facilities | 215 |
b Lawsuits Challenging Prison and Jail Conditions | 217 |
808 Court Access Jury Service | 220 |
b Jury Access | 222 |
i State Laws | 223 |
ii Court Decisions | 224 |
809 Fitness to Practice a Profession | 225 |
810 Voting | 228 |
811 Program Access Architectural Barriers | 232 |
812 Public Transportation | 234 |
b Paratransit | 236 |
PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR | 239 |
b Scope and Coverage | 240 |
c General Nondiscrimination Principles | 244 |
ii Unequal Benefit | 245 |
iii Separate Benefit | 246 |
vi Associational Disability | 247 |
x Smoking | 249 |
902 Specific ADA Title III Requirements | 250 |
a Eligibility Criteria | 251 |
g Certification | 266 |
a Nondiscrimination Generally | 267 |
b Fixed Route System | 268 |
c Demand Responsive System | 269 |
e Specified Public Transportation | 270 |
f Airlines | 273 |
906 Insurance | 275 |
b Health and Longterm Disability | 276 |
c Life and Other Insurance | 277 |
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE INTERNET | 281 |
1002 Telecommunications | 283 |
b Telecommunications Act | 286 |
ii Requirements for Accessibility and Usability | 287 |
iii Requirements for Compatibility with Peripheral Devices and Specialized Customer Premises Equipment | 288 |
b Section 508 | 289 |
i Federal AgenciesDepartments | 290 |
ii EIT Standards | 291 |
iii Functional Performance Criteria | 292 |
iv Information Documentation and Support | 293 |
1004 State Laws | 294 |
HOUSING AND ZONING | 297 |
b Constitutional Considerations | 298 |
1102 FHAA | 299 |
b Exemptions and Exceptions | 300 |
c Direct Threat to Health or Safety Controlled Substances | 301 |
i Refusal to Sell Rent or Negotiate | 302 |
v Availability of Dwellings | 303 |
e Discrimination in Residential Real Estate Transactions | 304 |
iv Terms and Conditions for Making Loans or Other Financial Assistance | 305 |
f Discrimination Because of Handicap | 306 |
iii Reasonable Accommodations | 307 |
1103 Section 504 ADA Titles II and III | 308 |
1104 State Laws | 309 |
b Zoning Group Homes | 310 |
1105 Public Housing | 312 |
1106 Private Housing | 314 |
b State Laws | 316 |
1107 Group Homes Zoning and Land Use | 317 |
a Maximum Occupancy Restrictions | 318 |
b Minimum Distance Requirements | 319 |
c Special RegulationsEnforcement | 320 |
d Restrictive Covenants | 321 |
e Reasonable Accommodations | 322 |
EDUCATION EXAMS AND LICENSING | 325 |
b Individualized Education Program | 328 |
c Procedural Safeguards | 330 |
ii Judicial Review Attorneys Fees | 334 |
iii Placement in Alternative Settings Disciplinary Procedures | 335 |
iv Time Limits for Due Process Complaints | 337 |
v Foster and Homeless Children Surrogates | 338 |
1202 Section 504 Rehab Act ADA Title II | 340 |
b ADA | 341 |
1203 Medicaid EPSDT | 342 |
b Medicaid | 344 |
c State Law | 345 |
a FAPE Reimbursement | 346 |
i Educational Benefit | 347 |
ii State Laws That Require More Than an Educational Benefit | 348 |
iii Tuition Reimbursement | 350 |
iv IEP | 351 |
v Limits on FAPE | 352 |
b Related Services | 353 |
ii Medical Services | 355 |
c Mainstreaming | 356 |
d Residential Settings | 357 |
e Extended School Year Compensatory Education | 358 |
ii Compensatory Education | 359 |
f Suspensions and Other Discipline | 360 |
ii State Laws | 361 |
ii Disciplinary and Safety Issues | 363 |
h Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies Statutes of Limitations | 364 |
i Section 504 and ADA Issues Particularly Athletics | 365 |
1206 Adults PostSecondary Education Access to Professions | 366 |
a Colleges and Universities | 367 |
ii Qualified to Participate | 368 |
iii Reasonable Accommodations | 369 |
c Professional Licensing and Exams | 370 |
ii Reasonable Accommodations | 371 |
MENTAL DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION LAW | 373 |
a Individualized Decisionmaking Therapeutic Jurisprudence | 374 |
b Selfdetermination | 375 |
c Stigma and Sanism | 376 |
d Pretextual Decisionmaking | 377 |
e Jails and Prisons for Persons with Severe Mental Disabilities | 378 |
1302 Key Mental Disability Legal Concepts | 379 |
ii Habilitation | 381 |
b Dangerousness | 382 |
c The Least Restrictive Alternative | 383 |
1303 InstitutionBased Rights | 384 |
ii Shortterm Inpatient Adult Commitment | 385 |
iii Extended Inpatient Adult Commitment | 386 |
iv Mental Retardation Developmental Disabilities and Substance Abuse | 388 |
v Procedural Due Process | 389 |
vi RecommitmentReleasePeriodic Reviews | 390 |
vii Outpatient Commitment Conditional Release | 391 |
viii Involuntary Commitment of Minors | 393 |
b Rights in Institutions | 394 |
ii Protection from Harm | 396 |
iii Least Restrictive Alternatives | 397 |
v Patients Bills of Rights | 398 |
1304 CommunityBased Care Protective Services | 399 |
i Pennhurst Litigation and its Aftermath | 400 |
ii Integrated Services in the Community | 402 |
iii Medicaid and ADA Title II | 403 |
iv The Right to Remain in a Facility | 404 |
Health and Longterm Disability | 405 |
i Federal Preemption ERISA | 406 |
ii Mental Health Parity | 407 |
iii ADA and Section 504 | 408 |
1306 Mentally Disordered Offenders | 411 |
ii ADA Section 504 | 414 |
EXPERT EVIDENCE AND TESTIMONY | 417 |
1402 Admissibility of Specialized Knowledge | 418 |
a Admissibility | 419 |
Theories Techniques and Applications | 420 |
iv PostKumho Considerations | 422 |
1403 Experts Qualifications | 424 |
a Education and Training | 425 |
iii Physiatrists Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | 426 |
iv Psychologists | 427 |
v Nurses | 428 |
vii Audiologists | 429 |
ix Optometrists | 430 |
x Architects | 431 |
1404 Limitations on Expert Evidence and Testimony | 433 |
ii TreatmentRelated Privileges Generally | 434 |
iv PsychiatristPatient Privilege | 435 |
v PsychologistPatient Privilege | 436 |
vii AttorneyClient Privilege | 438 |
ii Ultimate Issue | 439 |
c Challenging Disability Experts in Cross Examination | 440 |
1405 The Existence of a Disability | 441 |
a Existence of a Covered Disorder or Condition | 443 |
b Existence of an Excluded Disorder or Condition Direct Threat | 444 |
Substantial Limitation of a Major Life Activity | 446 |
ii Major Life Activity | 447 |
iv Record of Impairment | 449 |
1406 Qualified Person with a Disability | 450 |
1407 Reasonable AccommodationModifications | 451 |
1408 Economic Expertise | 452 |
b Compensatory Damages | 454 |
1409 Architectural Transportation and Other Physical Barriers | 455 |
1410 Conclusion | 456 |
EMPLOYMENT | 457 |
PUBLIC SERVICES STATE GOVERNMENT | 523 |
PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS | 549 |
Housing 605 | 605 |
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SUPREME COURT CASES | 637 |
645 | |
663 | |
Common terms and phrases
23 MPDLR accessible activity ADA Title administrative affirmative agency allow alteration apply attorneys award benefits C.FR Circuit Civil action claims client Code Commission commitment Complaint costs covered damages decision Defined definition determined direct disability discrimination discrimination employees employment enforcement entities equal established et seq evidence existing expert extent facilities federal court fees Follows ADA Follows FHAA hearing hearing impairments housing impairment individuals injunction involving issue lawyer limited major mental mental disabilities MPDLR parents particular party perform persons persons with disabilities physical disabilities places plaintiff practice Prohibits protections qualified reasonable accommodation regulations Rehabilitation relief Remedies restrictive Rights ruled servs standards Stat statutes student substantially Supp Supreme Court threat Title II treatment Unlawful unless violation