Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Page 2This undergraduate textbook describes the structure and function of the major classes of cellular constituents, and explains the physical, chemical, and biological context in which each biomolecule, reaction, and pathway operates. The fourth edition adds a chapter on the regulation of metabolism, reflects recent advances, and incorporates new experimental methodologies and an expanded and redesigned treatment of reaction mechanisms. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com). |
Contents
The Fatty Acid Synthase Reactions Are Repeated to Form Nitrogen Is Fixed by Enzymes of the Nitrogenase | 1 |
Functional Genomics Shows the Allocations of Genes | 38 |
STRUCTURE AND CATALYSIS | 45 |
Water | 47 |
Entropy Increases as Crystalline Substances Dissolve | 51 |
An Osmotic Event | 59 |
Buffers Are Mixtures of Weak Acids and Their Conjugate | 66 |
Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins | 75 |
Glucose | 560 |
Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism | 566 |
Regulatory Enzymes Respond to Changes in Metabolite | 572 |
Glycogen Synthase Is Also Regulated by Phosphorylation | 586 |
The Contribution of Each Enzyme to Flux through | 592 |
The Citric Acid Cycle | 601 |
The Citric Acid Cycle Has Eight Steps | 608 |
The Energy of Oxidations in the Cycle Is Efficiently | 614 |
Amino Acids Can Act as Acids and Bases | 81 |
Polypeptides Have Characteristic Amino Acid | 87 |
Unseparated Proteins Can Be Quantified | 94 |
Amino Acid Sequences Can Also Be Deduced by Other | 100 |
Amino Acid Sequences Provide Important Biochemical | 106 |
The ThreeDimensional Structure of Proteins | 116 |
Box 41 Knowing the Right Hand from the Left | 122 |
Box 42 Permanent Waving Is Biochemical Engineering | 127 |
Globular Proteins Have a Variety of Tertiary Structures | 134 |
Protein Motifs Are the Basis for Protein Structural | 141 |
Amino Acid Sequence Determines Tertiary Structure | 148 |
Protein Function | 157 |
Hemoglobin Subunits Are Structurally Similar | 163 |
Hemoglobin Also Transports H+ and CO2 | 170 |
Self Is Distinguished from Nonself by the Display of Peptides | 176 |
Actin Myosin and Molecular Motors | 182 |
Enzymes | 190 |
A Few Principles Explain the Catalytic Power and Specificity | 196 |
Mechanism | 202 |
PreSteady State Kinetics Can Provide Evidence for Specific | 208 |
Hexokinase Undergoes Induced Fit on Substrate Binding | 218 |
In Many Pathways a Regulated Step Is Catalyzed by | 226 |
Some Regulatory Enzymes Use Several Regulatory | 232 |
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology | 238 |
Monosaccharides Are Reducing Agents | 244 |
Steric Factors and Hydrogen Bonding Influence | 250 |
Proteoglycans Are GlycosaminoglycanContaining | 256 |
Lectins Are Proteins That Read the Sugar Code and Mediate | 262 |
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids | 273 |
DNA Stores Genetic Information | 280 |
Messenger RNAS Code for Polypeptide Chains | 287 |
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Undergo Nonenzymatic | 293 |
Adenine Nucleotides Are Components of Many Enzyme | 301 |
DNABased Information Technologies | 306 |
Restriction Endonucleases and DNA Ligase Yield | 307 |
Specific DNA Sequences Are Detectable | 314 |
Genome Sequences Provide the Ultimate Genetic | 321 |
Detection of ProteinProtein Interactions Helps to Define | 327 |
Manipulation of Animal Cell Genomes Provides Information | 333 |
10 | 342 |
Lipids | 343 |
Waxes Serve as Energy Stores and Water Repellents | 348 |
Sphingolipids at Cell Surfaces Are Sites of Biological | 353 |
Steroid Hormones Carry Messages between Tissues | 359 |
Adsorption Chromatography Separates Lipids of Different | 365 |
Biological Membranes and Transport | 369 |
All Biological Membranes Share Some Fundamental | 371 |
Covalently Attached Lipids Anchor Some Membrane | 378 |
Caveolins Define a Special Class of Membrane Rafts | 385 |
Transporters Can Be Grouped into Superfamilies Based | 391 |
Biosignaling | 421 |
VoltageGated Ion Channels Produce Neuronal Action | 427 |
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases Generate the Second Messenger | 433 |
The BAdrenergic Receptor Is Desensitized | 439 |
Calcium Is a Second Messenger in Many Signal | 442 |
II | 443 |
Membrane Rafts and Caveolae May Segregate Signaling | 451 |
Light Triggers Conformational Changes in the Receptor | 457 |
Disruption of GProtein Signaling Causes Disease | 464 |
CDKS Regulate Cell Division by Phosphorylating Critical | 470 |
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM | 481 |
Principles of Bioenergetics | 489 |
OxidationReduction Can Be Described | 508 |
Dietary Deficiency of Niacin the Vitamin Form of NAD | 514 |
Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis and the Pentose | 521 |
The Payoff Phase of Glycolysis Produces ATP | 529 |
Dietary Polysaccharides and Disaccharides Undergo | 535 |
Fermentation | 538 |
Conversion of Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate Requires | 544 |
The Oxidative Phase Produces Pentose Phosphates | 550 |
The Citric Acid Cycle Is Regulated at Its Three Exergonic | 622 |
Fatty Acid Catabolism | 631 |
The Four BOxidation Steps Are Repeated to Yield Acetyl | 639 |
Peroxisomes Also Carry Out B Oxidation | 646 |
Ketone Bodies Are Overproduced in Diabetes and during | 652 |
Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production | 656 |
Dietary Protein Is Enzymatically Degraded to Amino | 658 |
Box 181 Assays for Tissue Damage | 664 |
Several Enzyme Cofactors Play Important Roles in Amino | 672 |
Phenylalanine Catabolism Is Genetically Defective in Some | 679 |
Asparagine and Aspartate Are Degraded | 685 |
Oxidative Phosphorylation | 690 |
Electrons Are Funneled to Universal Electron Acceptors | 692 |
The Energy of Electron Transfer Is Efficiently Conserved | 701 |
ATP Synthase Has Two Functional Domains | 708 |
The Proton Gradient Drives the Release of ATP from | 709 |
An Inhibitory Protein Prevents ATP Hydrolysis during | 717 |
HARVESTING LIGHT ENERGY | 723 |
Flow | 730 |
Spatial Separation of Photosystems I and II Prevents Exciton | 736 |
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants | 751 |
Synthesis of Each Triose Phosphate from CO2 Requires | 762 |
In C4 Plants CO2 Fixation and Rubisco Activity | 769 |
and Bacterial Peptidoglycan | 775 |
Pools of Common Intermediates Link Pathways in Different | 781 |
Lipid Biosynthesis | 787 |
Acetate Is Shuttled out of Mitochondria as Citrate 794 Several Classes of Reactions Play Special Roles in | 797 |
Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis in Animals Is Regulated by 22 3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids 854 | 804 |
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Nucleotides | 833 |
Adipose Tissue Generates Glycerol 3phosphate by Heme Is the Source of Bile Pigments | 854 |
Eukaryotic Pathways to Phosphatidylserine Arginine Is the Precursor for Biological Synthesis of Nitric | 860 |
Carbamoyl Phosphate | 867 |
Cholesterol Biosynthesis Is Regulated at Several Levels 825 Degradation of Purines and Pyrimidines Produces Uric Acid | 873 |
and Related Molecules 833 23 Hormonal Regulation and Integration | 881 |
The Discovery and Purification of Hormones Require | 882 |
Hormone Release Is Regulated by a Hierarchy of Neuronal | 889 |
Adipose Tissue Stores and Supplies Fatty Acids | 897 |
Insulin Counters High Blood Glucose | 904 |
Leptin Stimulates Production of Anorexigenic Peptide | 912 |
Hormonal Regulation and Integration | 918 |
INFORMATION PATHWAYS | 921 |
Eukaryotic Genes and Chromosomes Are Very | 928 |
Topoisomerases Catalyze Changes in the Linking Number | 935 |
Nucleosomes Are Packed into Successively Higher Order | 942 |
DNA Metabolism | 945 |
DNA Metabolism | 948 |
Replication Is Very Accurate | 954 |
Bacterial Replication Is Organized in MembraneBound | 963 |
Box 251 DNA Repair and Cancer | 970 |
The Interaction of Replication Forks with DNA Damage | 976 |
Recombination Requires a Host of Enzymes and Other | 982 |
Complete Chromosome Replication Can Require Site | 988 |
RNA Metabolism | 995 |
Transcription Is Regulated at Several Levels | 1001 |
Protein Metabolism | 1034 |
RNA Polymerase II Requires Many Other Protein Factors for 27 3 Protein Targeting and Degradation | 1068 |
RNA Catalyzes the Splicing of Introns 1009 Cells Import Proteins by ReceptorMediated Endocytosis | 1074 |
Regulation of Gene Expression | 1081 |
Reverse Transcriptase Produces DNA from Viral RNA 1021 Regulatory Proteins Have Discrete DNABinding | 1087 |
Telomerase Is a Specialized Reverse Transcriptase 1025 The lac Operon Undergoes Positive Regulation | 1093 |
Protein Metabolism 1034 | 1102 |
Protein Biosynthesis Takes Place in Five Stages 1044 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Can Be Regulated | 1108 |
Appendix A Common Abbreviations in the Biochemical Research | 1120 |
1-1 | |
1-9 | |
1-15 | |
1-22 | |
1-29 | |
1-36 | |
Common terms and phrases
acetyl-CoA active allosteric amino acid amino acid residues atoms bacteria bilayer binding Biochem biochemistry biological blood Ca2+ carbohydrate carbon carboxyl catabolism catalyzed cell cellular CH2OH Chapter chemical citric acid cycle cloning coenzyme complex compounds concentration conformation contain converted covalent cytosol dehydrogenase domain electron energy enzyme equilibrium eukaryotic extracellular fatty acids FIGURE free-energy change fructose fructose 1,6-bisphosphate function gene genetic genome gluconeogenesis glucose 6-phosphate glycogen glycolysis H H H H OH helices helix hemoglobin hexokinase hormone hydrogen bonds hydrolysis hydrophobic interactions intermediate kJ/mol ligand lipids liver mechanism metabolic mitochondria molecular molecules muscle NAD+ NADH nucleic acids nucleotide OH H oligosaccharides organisms oxaloacetate oxidation oxygen pathway peptide phosphate phosphoryl group phosphorylation plants plasma membrane polypeptide protein kinase proton pyruvate reaction receptor regulation sequence signal solution specific step structure substrate subunits sugar synthase synthesis tein tion tissues transport