Engergy and Hegemonic Power

15th century activity addition advantages Africa allowed America Asia average Baltic became began brought built carried century changes coal coast commodities Company cotton countries decline Department domestic dominant Dutch early eastern economic efficiency electricity energy sources England English established Europe European exports factors field Figure fleet foreign France French fuel Germany global grain half hegemony important increased Indian Ocean industry iron Israel Italy land late leading limited machine machinery major manufacturing markets material Mediterranean merchant metals Netherlands northern operating output period Persian petroleum ports Portugal Portuguese production quantities reached refining region result rise route sailing salt sector share shipbuilding ships shown significant South spices steam engine sugar supply Table textile tons trade transport Unger United vessels Vries and Woude water power wind World