Multicellular Animals: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa, Volume 2Those who wish for permanence in classifi cation must pay the price of stasis - as if for ever condemned to confound whales with fish. M. T. Ghiselin 1981, p. 283 Scientific argument is a debate concerned with the solution of unresolved problems. Before continuing with the phylogenetic system of the Metazoa this foreword gives me the opportunity to discuss some controversial ques tions, to state selected positions more precisely and to remedy omissions. I would like to draw special attention to serious problems for phylogenetic systematics resulting from the inevitable confrontation with the current rules of nomenclature 1. In carrying out this debate, I hope not to lose the goodwill of those readers who are experts within the first few pages. A textbook for students? - Critics who ask that question and answer in the negative probably underestimate the open-mindedness of young people who are not troubled by, or can easily free themselves from, the restraints and arbitrariness of traditional classifications - and to whom systematics is offered as a scientific product in such a form that arguments for every single decision are comprehensible and checkable and can therefore be fully analyzed. |
Contents
I | 1 |
II | 2 |
III | 3 |
IV | 6 |
V | 11 |
VIII | 12 |
X | 14 |
XI | 17 |
CXI | 180 |
CXIII | 184 |
CXIV | 188 |
CXVI | 191 |
CXVIII | 192 |
CXX | 196 |
CXXI | 199 |
CXXII | 203 |
XII | 18 |
XIII | 21 |
XV | 23 |
XVI | 25 |
XVII | 31 |
XVIII | 32 |
XIX | 33 |
XX | 38 |
XXI | 39 |
XXII | 42 |
XXIII | 43 |
XXIV | 47 |
XXV | 49 |
XXVI | 50 |
XXVII | 52 |
XXVIII | 53 |
XXIX | 56 |
XXX | 59 |
XXXI | 62 |
XXXII | 65 |
XXXIV | 69 |
XXXV | 71 |
XXXVI | 72 |
XXXIX | 73 |
XL | 77 |
XLI | 79 |
XLII | 83 |
XLIV | 85 |
XLVI | 89 |
XLVIII | 92 |
XLIX | 98 |
L | 100 |
LI | 102 |
LIII | 103 |
LIV | 105 |
LVI | 107 |
LVII | 111 |
LVIII | 115 |
LXI | 116 |
LXII | 117 |
LXIV | 118 |
LXVI | 119 |
LXVII | 120 |
LXIX | 122 |
LXXI | 123 |
LXXII | 125 |
LXXIII | 127 |
LXXIV | 128 |
LXXV | 130 |
LXXVII | 132 |
LXXVIII | 134 |
LXXIX | 135 |
LXXXI | 137 |
LXXXII | 142 |
LXXXIII | 144 |
LXXXIV | 145 |
LXXXVI | 147 |
LXXXVII | 148 |
LXXXVIII | 150 |
XC | 152 |
XCI | 154 |
XCIII | 155 |
XCIV | 158 |
XCV | 159 |
XCVI | 161 |
XCVII | 162 |
XCIX | 164 |
C | 165 |
CII | 167 |
CIII | 168 |
CV | 170 |
CVII | 172 |
CIX | 174 |
CX | 178 |
CXXIII | 205 |
CXXIV | 212 |
CXXVII | 218 |
CXXVIII | 219 |
CXXX | 220 |
CXXXII | 221 |
CXXXIII | 222 |
CXXXV | 226 |
CXXXVI | 227 |
CXXXVII | 229 |
CXXXVIII | 231 |
CXXXIX | 233 |
CXL | 236 |
CXLI | 237 |
CXLII | 239 |
CXLIII | 240 |
CXLV | 241 |
CXLVI | 242 |
CXLVII | 248 |
CXLVIII | 259 |
CXLIX | 260 |
CL | 261 |
CLI | 262 |
CLII | 263 |
CLIII | 266 |
CLIV | 267 |
CLVI | 268 |
CLVII | 269 |
CLVIII | 275 |
CLXI | 277 |
CLXII | 280 |
CLXIII | 281 |
CLXV | 282 |
CLXVII | 283 |
CLXVIII | 284 |
CLXIX | 285 |
CLXX | 286 |
CLXXIII | 287 |
CLXXIV | 288 |
CLXXV | 289 |
CLXXVI | 290 |
CLXXVII | 293 |
CLXXIX | 295 |
CLXXXI | 296 |
CLXXXIII | 298 |
CLXXXV | 299 |
CLXXXVI | 300 |
CLXXXVII | 301 |
CLXXXVIII | 303 |
CXC | 307 |
CXCII | 309 |
CXCIII | 311 |
CXCVI | 313 |
CXCVIII | 315 |
CCI | 316 |
CCIII | 318 |
CCIV | 320 |
CCVI | 322 |
CCVIII | 325 |
CCX | 326 |
CCXII | 327 |
CCXIII | 328 |
CCXIV | 331 |
CCXVI | 335 |
CCXVIII | 337 |
CCXIX | 339 |
CCXX | 345 |
CCXXI | 346 |
CCXXIII | 348 |
CCXXIV | 351 |
CCXXV | 354 |
CCXXVI | 358 |
383 | |
Other editions - View all
Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa Peter Ax Limited preview - 2013 |
Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa Peter Ax No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
abdominal segments adelphotaxa Annelida antennae apomorphic appendages Arachnida Araneae Archaeognatha Arthropoda Autapomorphies Autapomorphies Fig body booklungs carapace cavity cells cerci chaetae chelicerae Chelicerata Chilopoda Cladocera Clitellata coelom Collembola compound eyes copulatory coxa coxal Crustacea crystalline cone cuticle developed Diplopoda Diplura dorsal Ectognatha eggs Ephemeroptera evolution exopodites female furca fused ganglia ganglion genital opening gills glands ground pattern head hindwing Hirudinea hypothesis Insecta interpreted Kamptozoa kinship labium lacinia larva longitudinal male mandibles mantle maxillae maxillary maxillipeds Mollusca monophylum mouthparts muscles N.P. KRISTENSEN nauplius Neoptera nephridia ocelli Odonata opisthosoma opisthosoma segment organ ovipositor palps pedipalp phylogenetic system plates pleon plesiomorphy pore posterior Progoneata prosoma prostomium Protura Pterygota reduction sclerite Scorpiones Scutigeromorpha sensory setae shell sister group sperm spiracles stem lineage stem species subtaxa Symphyla systematization taxa taxon telson tergites thoracic segment thoracomeres thoracopods thorax Tracheata trunk segments unity unpaired uptake Ventral view walking leg pair wings Zygentoma