Safe Drinking Water

Front Cover
IWA Publishing, May 31, 2004 - Science - 514 pages
Drinking water provides an efficient source for the spread of gastrointestinal microbial pathogens capable of causing serious human disease. The massive death toll and burden of disease worldwide caused by unsafe drinking water is a compelling reason to value the privilege of having safe drinking water delivered to individual homes. On rare occasions, that privilege has been undermined in affluent nations by waterborne disease outbreaks traced to the water supply. Using the rich and detailed perspectives offered by the evidence and reports from the Canadian public inquiries into the Walkerton (2000) and North Battleford (2001) outbreaks to develop templates for understanding their key dimensions, over 60 waterborne outbreaks from 15 affluent countries over the past 30 years are explored as individual case studies. Recurring themes and patterns are revealed and the critical human dimensions are highlighted suggesting insights for more effective and more individualized preventive strategies, personnel training, management, and regulatory control. Safe Drinking Water aims to raise understanding and awareness of those factors that have most commonly contributed to or caused drinking-water-transmitted disease outbreaks - essentially a case-history analysis within the multi-barrier framework. It contains detailed analysis of the failures underlying drinking-water-transmitted disease epidemics that have been documented in the open literature, by public inquiry, in investigation reports, in surveillance databases and other reliable information sources. The book adopts a theme of 'converting hindsight into foresight', to inform drinking-water and health professionals including operators, managers, engineers, chemists and microbiologists, regulators, as well as undergraduates and graduates at specialty level. Key Features: Contains details and perspectives of major outbreaks not widely known or understood beyond those directly involved in the investigations. Technical and scientific background associated with case studies is offered in an accessible summary form. Does not require specialist training or experience to comprehend the details of the numerous outbreaks reviewed. By providing a broad-spectrum review using a consistent approach, several key recurring themes are revealed that offer insights for developing localized, tailor-made prevention strategies.
 

Contents

21 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
6
22 MAJOR CLASSES OF WATERBORNE PATHOGENS
20
23 SPECIFIC PATHOGENS RELEVANT TO OUTBREAK CASE STUDIES
25
24 INDICATOR AND SURROGATE ORGANISMS
42
25 SUMMARY OF PATHOGENS
45
31 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY
50
32 SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
55
33 CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
56
454 Creston Erickson BC Canada
210
455 Nursery School Kindergarten
213
456 The Isle of Thanet Region Kent England
215
4564 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
216
457 Naas County Kildare Ireland
217
4574 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
219
458 Uggelose Denmark
220
4584 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
221

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58
34 ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
73
35 WATER DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE
76
36 RISK MANAGEMENT FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER
78
41 INTRODUCTION
81
42 WALKERTON ONTARIO CANADA
95
4231 Introduction
97
4
123
432 Richmond Heights Florida USA
125
433 Rome New York USA
128
4335 Commentary
129
434 Crater Lake Oregon USA
130
4345 Commentary
131
435 Camas Washington USA
132
4354 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
133
436 Berlin New Hampshire USA
134
4364 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
136
437 Bennington Vermont USA
137
438 Bradford Pennsylvania USA
139
44 OUTBREAKS IN THE 1980s
142
443 Red Lodge Montana USA
144
444 Bramham Yorkshire England
147
4445 Commentary
149
445 Rome Georgia USA
150
4454 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
151
446 Grums and Vålberg Vårmland Sweden
152
447 EagleVail Colorado USA
155
4473 Outbreak Experience March 1981
156
4474 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
157
448 Mjövik Karlskrona Blekinge Sweden
158
4484 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
160
4485 Commentary
161
4494 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
163
4410 Greenville Florida USA
165
4411 Braun Station Texas USA
168
44114 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
169
4412 Alsvåg Norway
170
44124 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
171
4413 Orangeville Ontario Canada
172
44134 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
173
4414 Pittsfield Massachusetts USA
174
4415 Penticton BC Canada
177
4416 Sälen Dalarna Sweden
181
4417 Carrollton Georgia USA
183
4418 Sunbury Diggers Rest and Bulla
186
44185 Commentary
188
4419 Boden Sweden
189
44194 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
190
4420 SaltcoatsStevenston Ayrshire Scotland MarchApril 1988
191
4421 Skjervøy Norway
194
44215 Commentary
195
44224 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
196
4423 Oakcreek Canyon Sedona
199
45 OUTBREAKS IN THE 1990s
202
4524 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
204
453 Moama New South Wales Australia
207
4585 Commentary
222
4510 Bradford West Yorkshire England
226
4511 Warrington Cheshire England
228
45114 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
230
4512 KitchenerWaterloo Ontario Canada
231
45125 Commentary
233
4513 Milwaukee Wisconsin USA
234
4514 Gideon Missouri USA
248
45144 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
250
4515 Noormarkku Finland
253
45154 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
254
4516 Temagami Ontario Canada
255
4517 Victoria BC Canada
258
4518 Village in Fife Scotland
263
45184 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
264
4519 Yukon Territory Canada
265
4520 South Devon Torbay and District England
268
4521 Klarup North Jutland Denmark
273
45214 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
275
4522 Cranbrook BC Canada
276
45224 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
277
45225 Commentary
278
4523 Ogose Town Saitama Prefecture
279
4524 Strömsund Jämtland Sweden
282
4525 NW London and W Hertfordshire North Thames England February 1997
285
45254 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
286
4526 Resort Hotel Bermuda
287
4527 Heinävesi Finland March 1998
290
4528 Alpine Wyoming USA
292
45285 Commentary
293
4529 Brushy Creek Williamson County
294
4530 La Neuveville Bern Canton
297
4531 Washington County Fair New York USA
300
46 OUTBREAKS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
305
463 Belfast Northern Ireland
307
4634 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
310
4644 Direct Causes of the Outbreak
313
465 Asikkala Finland August 2000 August 2001 and OctoberNovember 2001
314
466 North Battleford Saskatchewan Canada
316
467 Boarding School Hawkes Bay
341
468 CampConference Centre Stockholm County
345
469 Transtrand County of Dalarna Sweden
347
47 A WATERBORNE OUTBREAK OF BAD NEWS SYDNEY AUSTRALIA
351
48 A WATERBORNE OUTBREAK BY ANY OTHER NAME? EDMONTON ALBERTA CANADA
369
482 The Edmonton Drinking Water System
370
51 SUMMARIES OF OUTBREAKS AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE
381
52 RECURRING THEMES
394
53 ROUTINE MICROBIAL SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER
421
61 INTRODUCTION
424
62 CHALLENGES
426
63 LIMITATIONS
427
64 ELEMENTS OF PREVENTION
428
Hazard identification and preventive measures
438
66 THE PUBLIC AND SAFE DRINKING WATER
445
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