Macedonia and the Macedonians: A HistoryThroughout history, every power that has aspired to dominate the Balkans, a crucial crossroads between Europe, Asia, and Africa, has sought to control Macedonia. But although Macedonia has figured prominently in history, its name was largely absent from the historical stage, representing only a disputed territory of indeterminate boundaries, until the nineteenth century. Successive invaders— Roman, Gothic, Hun, Slav, Ottoman— passed through or subjugated the area and incorporated it into their respective dynastic or territorial empires. This detailed volume surveys the history of Macedonia from 600 BC to the present day, with an emphasis on the past two centuries. It reveals how the "Macedonian question" has long dominated Balkan politics and how, for nearly two centuries, it was the central issue dividing Balkan peoples, as neighboring nations struggled for possession of Macedonia and denied any distinct Macedonian identity— territorial, political, ethnic, or national. The author concludes that Balkan acceptance of a Macedonian identity, nation, and state has become a necessity for stability in the Balkans and in a united Europe. |
Contents
Macedonia in Three Parts 1920s and 1930s | 131 |
Yugoslav Vardar Macedonia | 133 |
Greek Aegean Macedonia | 141 |
Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia | 148 |
Macedonianism Survives | 153 |
Macedonian Nationalism From Right to Left 1920s and 1930s | 155 |
The VMRO and Macedonian Nationalism on the Right | 160 |
Macedonian Nationalism on the Left | 165 |
19 | |
The Slavic Invasions | 22 |
Macedonia c 600c 850 | 25 |
Bulgarian Rule 864971 | 26 |
Tsar Samuils Macedonian Empire 9711018 | 28 |
Cradle of Slav Orthodox Culture | 32 |
Byzantine Rule and Chaos 1018c 1400 | 35 |
Ottoman Rule c1400c1800 | 41 |
The Ottoman Administration and the Orthodox Millet | 43 |
Ottoman Expansion and Decline | 45 |
Ottoman Decline and the Balkans c 1600c 1800 | 48 |
Ethnic Transformation Resistance Anarchy and Cultural Stagnation | 51 |
NATIONAL AWAKENING c 18001913 | 59 |
Ottoman Reform and Decline c 18001908 | 63 |
Macedonian Growth and Decline 18001870 | 69 |
Propaganda War for Macedonia 18701900 | 72 |
National Awakening and National Identity 18141913 | 79 |
Early Macedonian Nationalism to 1870 | 82 |
Paths to Nationhood 18701913 | 87 |
The VMRO and Ilinden 18931903 | 99 |
The VMRO 18931903 | 100 |
Ilinden | 106 |
STRANGERS IN THEIR HOMELAND 19131940 | 115 |
Decline and Partition 19031919 | 117 |
Intervention Wars and Partition 19031913 | 121 |
The Great War and the Peace Settlement | 127 |
STATEHOOD AND INDEPENDENCE DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR | 179 |
War and Revolution 19401949 | 183 |
Hostile Neutrality and Beyond 19411944 | 186 |
Toward a Yugoslav Republic 19411944 | 189 |
Greek and Bulgarian Macedonia 19411944 | 197 |
Macedonians in a New Balkans 19441949 | 202 |
Yugoslav Macedonia Politics and Government 19441991 | 213 |
Yugoslavias New Dispensation 19441948 | 214 |
Putting Dreams on Ice 19451948 | 220 |
Yugoslav Communism 19481991 | 226 |
A Junior Partner 19431991 | 235 |
Economics Culture Minorities 19441991 | 243 |
Language Education and the Arts | 249 |
National Minorities | 256 |
Independent Republic 19912004 | 261 |
Setting Up an Independent Republic | 262 |
Seeking Foreign Recognition 19911995 | 267 |
From Left to Right | 273 |
Economic Problems | 276 |
MacedonianAlbanian Relations | 278 |
Epilogue | 283 |
Notes | 287 |
323 | |
349 | |
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Common terms and phrases
administrative Aegean Macedonia aims Albanian ally areas army ASNOM autonomous AVNOJ Balkan Communist Balkan Wars became Belgrade Bitola Bulgarian Byzantine Byzantium central century church Comintern Communist Party conflict Constantinople Croatia cultural Democratic difficult donian eastern economic empire’s ethnic Europe exarchate Exarchist federation figures first foreign Gligorov Greece Greek History Ibid Ilinden independent influence Institut za nacionalna internal Istorija na makedonskiot Katardzˇiev land language leaders Mace Macedo Macedonian national Macedonian question Makedonija makedonskiot narod Mihailov’s VMRO military minorities movement Muslim nacionalna istorija national liberation nationalist naukite neighbors nian Office official Ohrid organization Orthodox Ottoman empire patriarchate patriotism peasants People’s percent Pirin Macedonia political Prilep reform region Republic of Macedonia revolutionary Rossos rule Salonika Samuil schools Serbian Serbs significant Skopje Slav Slavic Sofia sought Stavrianos struggle territorial tion tional Tito’s Tsar Turks unification University Press uprising Vardar Macedonia VMRO VMRO’s Yugoslav Yugoslavia