Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine, 1920-1950Christopher Lawrence, George Weisz The history of orthodox biomedicine in the twentieth century is usually depicted as one of icreasing reductionism and dependence on laboratory sciences and technology. Holism today is commonly regarded as an alternative to regular healing and a reaction to it. In fact, in the interwar years, clinicians and basic scientists in Europe and North America responded to what they perceived as the increasing reductionism, routinizing and mechanization of the biomedical sciences and clinical practice by creating holistic models of the body's activities and models of healing based the whole, individual sufferer. Holistic responses were also visible in public health and epidemiology. The essays collected here explore this previously neglected area. They show how the holistic turn in orthodox medicine in the interwar years was a reaction to the scietific reductionism and the specialization and division of labor and medicine. In addition, all show how this movement was part of a more general response to modernity itself, political, idealogical and cultural upheaval of the years between the wars. |
Contents
The Context | 1 |
Holism and German Pathology 19141933 | 46 |
Medical Holism in France between | 68 |
Clinical Holists and Medical Knowledge | 94 |
George Newman Outlines | 112 |
George Canby Robinson and The Patient as a Person | 135 |
The Transformation and Demise | 161 |
of the Rockefeller Foundation | 189 |
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Alan Gregg Alexis Carrel Alvarez American antibodies antivirus Association bacteriology Bardach file Barker Berlin Besredka biological blood body Cambridge Canby Robinson Cannon cells clinical clinicians CMAC concept constitutionalists cultural developed diagnosis diphtheria doctors Draper elite environment epidemic epidemiology example experimental Flexner function George German Goldstein Gregg Head to Mayhew Head's Hippocrates hippocratic Hirszfeld History of Medicine holism homeopathy homeostasis Horder hospital human Hygiene Ibid immunity Immunology individual infection intellectual interwar Johns Hopkins Journal Koch Kurt Goldstein laboratory London Ludwig Aschoff Major Greenwood médecine medical holism medical school modern National natural neo-hippocratic Neufeld Newman organism orthobiotic serum Paris Pasteur Institute pathology patients physicians physiological political practice preventive medicine problems psychiatry psychosomatic public health reductionism reductionist Rockefeller Rockefeller Foundation role Rudolf Virchow scientific Sheldon social society somatotype specific studies theory therapeutic therapy tradition Tréfouël twentieth century University Press vaccine Walter William York