Plant Reproductive Ecology

adaptive allocation angiosperms animals ants Asclepias asexual Baker bees Biol birds Charlesworth Charnov clutch color competition correlated cost density dioecious dioecy dispersal agents Ecol Ecology effects evolution evolution of sex evolutionary factors favor fecundity female function fertilization floral flowers foraging forest frugivores fruit gametes gametophyte genes genetic genotypes germination greater growth gynodioecious habitats haploid Harper hermaphrodites heterostyly hummingbirds inbreeding increase individuals inflorescence insects iteroparous Janzen large seeds Levin Lloyd male and female male function mating meiosis monoecious nectar neotropical number of seeds Oecologia offspring Opler and Bawa outcrossing parent patterns perennial perhaps plants pods pollen grains population possible produce progeny rates reduced relative reproductive effort Schemske season seed crop seed dispersal seed predation seed production seed weight seedling selection semelparity sex expression sex ratio sexual reproduction sometimes species sperm sporophyte success survival tion trees tropical variable variation vary vegetative Willson wind-pollinated zygote