The Atmospheres of Mars and Venus

absorbing absorption abundance adiabatic lapse rate aeolosphere model albedo altitude antenna aperture Appendix areas astronomical atmos atmosphere of Mars balloon bands blue haze brightness brightness temperature carbon dioxide central latitude changes Chapter cloud layer cm² CO₂ color curve dark density determine disk Earth Earth's atmosphere effective electron emission exosphere flux fly-by G. P. Kuiper hemisphere inferior conjunction information space infrared insolation ionosphere Kuiper lapse rate Martian atmosphere maximum measurements meridional microwave Mintz observations observatories obtained oceans Öpik optical ozone particles phase phenomena phere photographic planet planetary atmospheres polar cap poleward temperature gradient possible pressure radar radar astronomy radiation radiative radio reflected region resolution resolving power rotation Sagan scattering seasonal Sinton solar solstice spectra spectrometer spectrum stratosphere surface temperature symmetric circulation symmetric regime telescope terrestrial thermal tion tropopause troposphere ultraviolet upper atmosphere vertical water vapor wave number wave regime wavelengths wind winter zonal