Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to PhilosophyTable of Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface 1 The Biological Background 1 The fact of evolution 1 The path of evolution 4 The theory of evolution: natural selection 16 The theory of evolution: modern genetics 18 Good science? 20 2 Evolutionary Epistemology 29 Evolution as analogy 31 Herbert Spencer and the law of progress 37 Stephen Toulmin's Darwinian model 45 The analogy considered: the fact of evolution 46 The analogy considered: the path of evolution 49 The analogy considered: the cause of evolution 53 Donald Campbell's Darwinian variations 58 Karl Popper and the revision of Darwinism 61 3 Evolutionary Ethics 67 Moral issues 68 Evolution and ethics 71 Herbert Spencer and the moral value of progress 73 Spencerian problems 75 William Graham Sumner and Social Darwinism 78 Thomas Henry Huxley and his stand against nature 82 Hume's law and the naturalistic fallacy 86 Is the natural innately good? 90 Edward O. Wilson and the foundations of morality 93 The evolution of the moral sense 99 4 Human Evolution 103 The fact of human evolution 104 The path of human evolution 109 The cause of human evolution 115 The problem of culture 123 The biology of language 126 Ape language 134 Is culture independent of biology? 140 Epigenetic rules 143 5 Darwinian Epistemology 148 The nature of science 149 Scientific reasoning 155 The case for a biological backing 160 The case for (continued) 164 The case against 168 The rivals to science 174 Philosophical precursor: Kant? 178 Philosophical precursor: Hume? 182 Common-sense realism 184 Metaphysical scepticism 192 Konrad Lorenz and the biological a priori 196 The ultimate foundations 199 6 Darwinian Ethics 207 Substantive ethics 208 Meta-ethics 213 The evolution of morality 217 The empirical evidence: social animals 223 The empirical evidence: chimpanzees 227 The empirical evidence: humans 230 Substantive ethics reconsidered: utilitarianism 235 My family and other animals 238 To give and not to count the cost 242 Substantive ethics reconsidered: Kantianism 244 Moral disagreements 247 Darwinian meta-ethics 250 Objectifying morality 252 Stepping around Hume's law 256 Freedom of choice 258 Possible precursor: Kant? 262 Possible precursor: Hume? 266 Looking forward 269 Darwin's New Critics on Trial 280 References 298 Index 316. |
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Evolutionary Epistemology | 29 |
Evolutionary Ethics | 67 |
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adaptive analogy animals apes argue argument behaviour believe biological brain causal causes chapter chimpanzees common-sense consilience Creationists critics crucial culture Darwinian approach Darwinian epistemology deny discussion empirical enquiry epigenetic rules evidence evolutionary epistemology evolutionary ethics evolutionists existence fact of evolution feel Figure function genes genetic happiness he/she Homo sapiens human evolution Hume Hume's Hume's law Humean Huxley ideas important innate instance justice Kant Kantian kin selection kind knowledge language means mechanisms meta-ethical metaphysical moral claims natural selection naturalistic objective obligation obviously organisms path of evolution perhaps philosophical Popper position principles problems progress punctuated equilibria question reality reason reciprocal altruism reproductive Ruse scepticism scientific scientist sense simply Social Darwinian Social Darwinism species Spencer Spencerian substantive ethics supposed theory thing-in-itself things thought true truth ultimate understanding utilitarianism variations Wilson wrong