Dynamical Systems X: General Theory of VorticesThe English teach mechanics as an experimental science, while on the Continent, it has always been considered a more deductive and a priori science. Unquestionably, the English are right. * H. Poincare, Science and Hypothesis Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton As is well known, the basic principles of dynamics were stated by New ton in his famous work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, whose publication in 1687 was paid for by his friend, the astronomer Halley. In essence, this book was written with a single purpose: to prove the equivalence of Kepler's laws and the assumption, suggested to Newton by Hooke, that the acceleration of a planet is directed toward the center of the Sun and decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the planet and the Sun. For this, Newton needed to systematize the principles of dynamics (which is how Newton's famous laws appeared) and to state the "theory of fluxes" (analysis of functions of one variable). The principle of the equality of an action and a counteraction and the inverse square law led Newton to the theory of gravitation, the interaction at a distance. In addition, New ton discussed a large number of problems in mechanics and mathematics in his book, such as the laws of similarity, the theory of impact, special vari ational problems, and algebraicity conditions for Abelian integrals. Almost everything in the Principia subsequently became classic. In this connection, A. N. |
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angular arbitrary axes Bernoulli canonical Hamilton equations Chap commute complete integral condition configuration space consider const constant coordinates covector defined density differential equations dynamics equals Euler equation Əxi formula Hamilton equations Hamilton-Jacobi equation Hamiltonian system hydrodynamics ideal fluid implies independent integrable by quadratures integral curves integral invariant invariant manifold Jacobi Lagrange equations Lagrangian Lamb equation left-invariant Lemma Lie algebra Lie group Liouville matrix mechanics momenta momentum motion n-dimensional Noether integrals nondegenerate obtain optics orthogonal particles phase flow phase space Poincaré Poisson brackets potential field Proof Proposition refraction relation right-invariant rotation satisfies skew-symmetric skew-symmetric matrix solution stationary surface systems of rays theorem three-dimensional trajectories transformation variation vector field velocity vortex fields vortex lines vortex manifolds vortex theory vortex vectors vortices θα θω ән ди მა მე მთ მი მუ მყ
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Page 179 - Morse-Sard theorem for real-analytic functions. Theory Nonlin. Operators. Proc. Summer School, Babylon 1971, 121-125.