Metaphors We Live ByThe now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"—metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them. In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language. |
Contents
3 | |
2 The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts | 7 |
Highlighting and Hiding | 10 |
4 Orientational Metaphors | 14 |
5 Metaphor and Cultural Coherence | 22 |
6 Ontological Metaphors | 25 |
7 Personification | 33 |
8 Metonymy | 35 |
19 Definition and Understanding | 115 |
20 How Metaphor Can Give Meaning for Forms | 126 |
21 New Meaning | 139 |
22 The Creation of Similarity | 147 |
23 Metaphor Truth and Action | 156 |
24 Truth | 159 |
25 The Myth of Objectivism and Subjectivism | 185 |
26 The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics | 195 |
9 Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence | 41 |
10 Some Further Examples | 46 |
11 The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring | 52 |
Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical | 69 |
15 The Coherent Structuring of Experience | 77 |
16 Metaphorical Coherence | 87 |
17 Complex Coherences across Metaphors | 97 |
18 Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure | 106 |
27 How Metaphor Reveals the Limitation of The Myth of Objectivism | 210 |
28 Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism | 223 |
30 Understanding | 226 |
Afterword | 239 |
References | 241 |
Afterword 2003 | 243 |
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Common terms and phrases
abstract account of truth activity arguing aspects basic basis blends causation cepts ceptual characterize claim cognitive linguistics coherent Conceptual blending conceptual metaphor conceptual system CONDUIT metaphor CONTAINER metaphor conventional metaphors defined Donald Davidson Dwight Bolinger emerges ence entities everyday example experiential gestalts experientialist function George Lakoff give grounded highlighted homonymy view human understanding imagination inferences inflation inherent properties interactional properties involves JOURNEY metaphor kinds of experience labor Lakoff language linguistic expressions lives love experiences LOVE IS WAR mappings matter ments metaphorical concepts metaphorical entailments metaphorical structuring metaphorical thought metonymy mountain myth of objectivism natural dimensions natural kinds Neural Theory objectivist account objectivist philosophy ontological metaphors orientational metaphors person philosophy polysemy prototypical purposes RATIONAL ARGUMENT reality reason Richard Montague sense sentence similarities SOFT ENERGY PATH source domain spatial structural metaphors subjectivism SUBSTANCE surface systematic target domain tence things tion true typically words