Chlor-alkali and Chlorate Technology: R.B. MacMullin Memorial Symposium : Proceedings of the SymposiumH. S. Burney |
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acid active addition anode approximately bath bipolar brine bubbles calcium capacity carbon catalyst cathode catholyte caustic soda cell voltage Chemical chlor-alkali chlorine coating compared concentration consumption containing conventional covered crystal current density current distribution current efficiency deactivation decrease deposition developed diaphragm diffusion layer effect Electrochemical electrolysis energy Engineering equation evolution experimental experiments Figure flow formed gas diffusion electrode hydrogen impedance improvements increase industry ion exchange membrane Japan kA/m² lower measured meeting membrane cell mercury metal method NaCl Nafion NaOH Ni-Fe alloy nickel obtained occurs ohmic operating overpotential overvoltage oxide oxygen performance plant plating plots porous potential presented production R-Ni reaction reaction layer reduction REFERENCES remove resistance respectively shown in Fig shows Society sodium chlorate solution structure substrate surface Table Technology temperature thickness unit various
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Page 60 - A Solartron 1255 HF Frequency Response analyzer and a Solartron 1286 Electrochemical Interface...
Page 145 - Over the past twenty years or so there has been a considerable resurgence of interest in the electrolysis process using ion-exchange membranes.
Page 193 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out with financial support from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of the Japanese Government. REFERENCES 1.
Page 10 - The overall heat of the reaction is 446.68 kJ or (106.76 kcaD/mol of chlorine and hence the thermoneutral voltage, ie, the voltage at which heat is neither required by the system nor lost by the system to the surroundings, would therefore be 2.31 V. In practice, however, chlor-alkali cells operate in the range of...
Page 52 - Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1973, p.
Page 29 - ... electrolytic cells, one or two hydrogen separation degasifiers, one heat exchanger, and interconnecting piping. A large plant may have more than one electrolytic system. Circulation of the cell liquor is by gas lift through the cell, up the pipe risers to the degasifier. into the reactor, and then returned through the heat exchanger. All materials of construction are titanium, except for the cell feed header and circulation pipe risers, which are Tefion-lined pipe or equal.
Page 22 - Because chlorate cells have a tendency to become alkaline as a result of the loss of chlorine during operation, it is essential to add hydrochloric acid continuously with careful pH control. Failure to add sufficient acid may result in a cell gas that is combustible or even explosive with too much oxygen. However, excess acid may result in a cell gas that is combustible or explosive with too much chlorine.
Page 59 - RuOi does dissolve electrochemically (although the magnitude of the rate of dissolution is not known with certainty), and that some of it is also lost by erosion (9.11).
Page 24 - Liquor Flow Volume to Cells Operated in Parallel Equal flow to cells operated in parallel is important. Failure to do so may result in the chloride level in some cells falling to very low levels, thereby producing poor current efficiencies and high oxygen evolution and possibly resulting in a hazardous cell gas condition. Start-up and Shutdown Procedures During start-up and shutdown procedures, the cell gases must be dilute with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, to prevent the accumulation of combustible...
Page 22 - The simple monopolar cell in which straightthrough liquor circulation only is desired is used by Krebs, for example. The other variation of the monopolar cell with two cathodes per anode is used by Pennwalt and Ugine Kuhlmann, for example. This variation allows some internal circulation within the cell. A further interesting feature is that the cathodes in this configuration may be slotted or perforated, which decreases turbulence on the cathode face and also reduces hydrogen blistering of steel....