Endocrine Disrupters: Environmental Health and PoliciesPolyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Luc Hens, Vyvyan C. Howard During recent decades, millions of tonnes of man-made chemicals have been produced and released into the environment, with very little safety testing. Many of these chemical substances have been found to interfere with the endocrine system and modulate its function. This book not only overviews the effects of endocrine/disrupting substances on human health, but also addresses the regulatory problems from the point of view of international organisations, including the WHO, the EU, and the European Chlorine Industry. This volume contains the proceedings of a workshop held at the International Hippocrates Foundation on Kos Island, Greece, in September 1999. The workshop was part of the activities of the ASPIS project, which aims at raising awareness of environmental health impacts among multidisciplinary groups. The contributions to this volume are the result of the interaction of participants at the workshop. As such, it addresses the issue of endocrine disrupters from many different points of view and allows the subject to be approached by a multidisciplinary readership, including: decision makers, medical doctors, environmental experts, post/and undergraduate students, lawyers, engineers, and journalists. |
Contents
AWARENESS OF THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING SUBSTANCES | 1 |
1 Introduction | 3 |
2 Scientific Overview | 5 |
3 Strategies and Policies | 7 |
4 Case Studies Elucidate the Function of EDSs | 13 |
5 Conclusion | 16 |
SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW | 19 |
REFLECTIONS ON BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS | 21 |
7 Conclusions | 205 |
References | 207 |
STRATEGIES AND POLICIES | 217 |
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK | 219 |
1 Background | 220 |
2 Chemical Mixtures | 224 |
3 A Comparison of Medicines Agrochemicals and Bulk Chemicals | 226 |
4 Time Scales from Recognition of Problems to Regulation of Production and Use | 229 |
1 Introduction | 22 |
2 What is an Oestrogen? | 23 |
3 Methodology to Establish the Oestrogenicity of Synthetic Chemicals | 26 |
33 Gene Expression as an Endpoint of Bioassays for Oestrogenicity | 31 |
4 A Glimpse at the Future of Regulatory Legislation on Endocrine Disrupters | 32 |
Acknowledgements | 33 |
THE IMPACT OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING SUBSTANCES ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION | 39 |
1 Introduction | 40 |
2 Alteration of Semen Quality | 41 |
3 Testicular Cancer | 46 |
4 Male Genital Tract Malformations | 47 |
Two Pesticides with Documented Impact on Reproductive Health | 48 |
6 The Impact of Xenoestrogens on Experimental Animals | 49 |
7 Diethystilboestrol a Prescribed Xenoestrogen | 51 |
9 Assisted Reproduction Methods | 54 |
10 Phytoestrogens | 56 |
11 Conclusions | 57 |
Acknowledgements | 58 |
References | 59 |
IMMUNOTOXIC1TY BY DIOXINS AND PCBS IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD | 69 |
1 Introduction | 70 |
3 Studies in Humans | 71 |
4 Decreased Allergy | 74 |
5 Haematopoiesis | 75 |
References | 76 |
A PROTOTYPE OF HUMAN TERATOGENESIS AND TUMOURIGENESIS BY XENOESTROGENS? | 81 |
1 Introduction | 82 |
2 Environmental Exposure to DES | 86 |
3 Red Alert for Transplacental Tumourigenesis | 88 |
4 Mechanisms of DESRelated Teratogenesis and CCA Tumourigenesis | 92 |
5 A Genetically Determined Spontaneous AbortionGynaecological Cancer Syndrome? | 96 |
6 Lessons from the Epidemiology of CCA in the Netherlands | 99 |
7 Is there Oestrogen Imprinting and Molecular Teratogenesis by DES or other Xenoestrogens? | 101 |
8 Are DES andor other Xenoestrogens Neuroteratogenic or is DESassociated Psychopathology lathrogenic? | 103 |
9 Lowdose and inverted Ushaped DoseResponse Relationships of Oestrogens | 106 |
10 What in the Light of DESResearch Should be Done about other Xenoestrogens? | 107 |
References | 109 |
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND BREAST CANCER | 119 |
1 Introduction | 120 |
2 Factors Influencing the Activity of Xenoestrogens | 122 |
21 Effects of Serum on the Access of Xenoestrogens to the Oestrogen Receptor ER | 123 |
23 Disturbance of Metabolic Pathways | 124 |
24 Influence of the Mechanisms Involved in Cardnogenesis | 126 |
25 Effects of Oestrogens on Specific Gene Targets their Receptors and Oncogenes | 128 |
26 Accessory Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis | 131 |
27 Cooperation of other Receptorbased Effects | 133 |
3 The Clinical Impact on Breast Cancer incidence of the Exposure to Oestrogenic Endocrine Disrupters | 134 |
32 Discussion | 136 |
4 Conclusions | 137 |
References | 139 |
THE CASE OF BISPHENOLS | 149 |
1 Introduction | 150 |
2 Exposure to Bisphenols | 152 |
3 Biological Effects of Bisphenols | 157 |
4 Concluding Remarks | 162 |
References | 164 |
RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS | 171 |
1 Introduction | 172 |
2 The Changing Concept of Endocrine Disruption | 173 |
3 Risk Assessment Paradigm | 176 |
31 Hazard Identification | 177 |
32 DoseResponse Assessment | 178 |
34 Risk Characterisation | 179 |
42 Reproductive Effects | 181 |
43 Neurological Effects | 185 |
44 Immunological Effects | 186 |
45 Other Effects | 187 |
5 Risk Assessment of EDs | 188 |
52 DoseResponse Assessment | 194 |
53 Exposure Assessment | 198 |
54 Risk Characterisation | 203 |
6 Exposure Based Risk Assessment | 204 |
41 Regulation in Some OECD Countries | 234 |
42 Conclusions with Respect to Brominated Flame Retardants | 240 |
5 The Problems Associated with PopulationBased Data | 241 |
6 Precocious Puberty and Thelarche | 242 |
7 Conclusion | 243 |
Acknowledgement | 245 |
EXISTING POLICY WITH REGARD TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS | 251 |
1 Introduction | 252 |
2 Overall Toxicity Testing for Regulatory Purposes | 254 |
31 Basic Principles Concerning Developmental Tests | 255 |
Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study or Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Study | 257 |
Fertility and Reproduction Study | 259 |
4 EndPoints Indicative for Endocrine Disruptive Effects | 262 |
42 Modifications to Existing Test Methods | 263 |
43 New Approaches Using NonRegulatory Test Models | 264 |
5 Conclusion | 265 |
References | 266 |
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION THE INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE | 269 |
1 Introduction | 270 |
2 The European Chemical Industry Commitment | 272 |
3 European Chemical Industry Scientific Programme | 273 |
32 Environmental and Wildlife Health | 274 |
33 Testing Strategy | 275 |
4 Current Situation in Europe and Globally | 277 |
42 Environmental Health and Wildlife Effects | 279 |
43 Testing Strategies | 283 |
5 Conclusions | 284 |
References | 286 |
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS A STRATEGY OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION | 289 |
1 1ntroduction | 290 |
3 Recommendations of the SCTEE | 292 |
41 Objectives | 293 |
43 Recommendations of the Commission | 294 |
5 Conclusions | 295 |
Acknowledgement | 296 |
Note | 297 |
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND DRINKING WATER | 299 |
1 Introduction | 300 |
2 Endocrine Disrupters and the New Drinking Water Directive 9883EC | 301 |
3 SCTEE Opinion on Endocrine Disrupters | 302 |
4 Community Strategy | 303 |
5 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Drinking Water | 306 |
6 Study on Endocrine Disrupters in Drinking Water | 307 |
7 Adaptation of DWD 9883EC | 308 |
References | 309 |
ACTIVITIES OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION | 311 |
1 Introduction | 312 |
2 Joint WHOECEEA Workshop | 314 |
21 Effects in Humans | 315 |
22 Wildlife | 316 |
24 Exposure | 317 |
3 WHOS Global Initiative | 318 |
31 Global Endocrine Disrupter Research Inventory GEDRI | 319 |
32 Global Assessment of Endocrine Disrupters GAED | 320 |
33 Global StateoftheScience Document | 322 |
34 Review Process | 326 |
References | 327 |
CONCLUSIONS | 329 |
A PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS | 331 |
1 Introduction | 332 |
2 Scientific Overview | 335 |
3 Strategies and Policies | 342 |
31 Future Research Actions | 343 |
32 Education | 346 |
33 Policy Prospects | 347 |
4 Conclusion | 348 |
References | 349 |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 357 |
LIST OF UNITS | 361 |
363 | |
Other editions - View all
Endocrine Disrupters Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati,Luc Hens,Vyvyan C. Howard No preview available - 2014 |
Endocrine Disrupters: Environmental Health and Policies Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati,Luc Hens,Vyvyan C. Howard No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
action adverse effects agonists androgen animals anti-oestrogenic assay binding bioaccumulation biological bisphenol-A bisphenols breast cancer brominated flame retardants carcinogenic cell compounds concentrations cryptorchidism detected developmental diethylstilbestrol dioxins dose-response doses drinking water EDSS end-points endocrine disrupters endocrine disrupting chemicals endocrine disrupting substances endocrine system Environ Environmental Health epidemiological European Commission exposed factors female function gene global Health and Policies health effects Health Perspect hormone human health humans and wildlife hypospadias identify impact incidence increased industry interaction Kluwer Academic Publishers levels male reproductive mechanisms metabolism metabolites mice Netherlands Nicolopoulou-Stamati OECD oestradiol oestrogen oestrogen receptor oestrogenic activity organochlorine organs PBDEs PCBs pesticides phytoestrogens pollutants polychlorinated biphenyls potential precautionary principle pregnancy prenatal problem production programme prostate rats reported reproductive health risk assessment scientific SCTEE Sonnenschein Soto specific sperm counts steroid strategy studies TCDD testicular cancer thyroid toxicity Toxicol Toxicology tumour tumourigenesis vitro vivo women xenoestrogens
References to this book
Congenital Diseases and the Environment P. Nicolopoulou-Stamati,L. Hens,C.V. Howard Limited preview - 2007 |