Countercurrent Separation Processes

absorption activity coefficients applicable assumed azeotrope azeotropic distillation batch batch distillation benzene binary boil-up calculated Chem close separations column composition concentration condenser constant contactor corresponding countercurrent deuterium dimensionless distillation downflow efficiency energy requirement enriching section enthalpy equations equilibrium curve exchange expression extraction extractive distillation feed plate feed point follows gaseous gaseous diffusion given by eqn gives heat hold-up hot tower ideal cascade interstage flow isotope separation isotopes lb mole/hr light component liquid phase liquid-liquid extraction material balance McCabe-Thiele diagram method minimum reflux ratio mixture mole fraction molecular multicomponent number of plates number of stages obtained operating line optimum pinch plotted pressure Raoult's law reboiler resin result separating agent separating elements separation factor shown in Fig solution solvent streams stripping section Substitution temperature ternary theoretical plates thermal diffusion total reflux transfer units upflow vapour Ур