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accepted accounts accuracy accurate action activity adjustments ambiguous situations American appear arise Army attack attempts auxiliary channels Battalion become behavior beliefs bomb changes civilians collective excitement collective transaction concerned consensus conventional norms crisis situations critical ability defined definition demand depends discussion effort enemy experiments feelings formal francs-tireurs Furthermore German happened individuals institutional channels Intense interests interpretation involved Japan Japanese Kennedy assassination Kikuyu labeled manipulation mass media Mau Mau Moderate mood Negro Neidenburg newspapers Nisei official Oman organization participation in rumor Pearl Harbor persons perspectives plausible points political popular possible problem propaganda regarded reports Residents responsive revealed Ruhleben rumor construction rumor content rumor formation rumors developed rumors emerged Russians selection serial transmission skepticism soldiers sometimes sources spontaneously successful suggests tend tension testing Tikopia tion tive troops U.S. Army United uprising victims views World War II