Population Dynamics, the Environment, and Demand for Water and Energy in Namibia

agricultural alternative Angola arid biomass block tariffs border rivers capacity cattle CO₂ commercial energy constraints consumers coppicing crop cubic metres Cuvelai drainage basin dams decentralised deforestation demand management desalinisation drought ecological economic and environmental efficiency electricity energy conservation energy needs energy resources ensure environment environmental costs ephemeral rivers Epupa essential estimated farming fuel fuelwood Goreangab Reclamation grazing land grid groundwater GROWING DEMAND growing population growth in water Hardap important improved incentives increase industries inefficient investment irrigation Kudu gas fields Kunene land management litre livestock long term minimising mopane Municipal boreholes Namibia natural resources Okavango Okavango river oshanas over-utilisation Owambo pasture planning policy recommendations population density potential pressure productive land promote rainfall resource base resource management rural areas scarce sector soil fertility sources strategies subsidised sustainable switch timber transhumance trees urbanisation vegetation water conservation water consumption water demand water points wetlands wildlife Windhoek