The Earth System

acid aerosol albedo amount atmosphere and ocean atmospheric CO2 levels atoms biological pump Carbon Cycle carbon dioxide carbonate-silicate cycle cause Chapter chemical climate change climate system clouds convection Coriolis Effect daisy coverage Daisyworld decrease deep ocean Diagram illustrating discussed Earth system Earth's climate Earth's surface energy equator feedback loop flow flux fossil gases geologic glaciation global gradient greenhouse effect heat hydrogen ice core ice sheets impact increase isotopes land latitudes layer main sequence marine methane mid-latitude million molecules moving North Atlantic northern hemisphere nutrients O₂ occur ocean circulation ocean currents orbit organic carbon oxygen ozone period photosynthesis planet planetary plate tectonics Pleistocene polar pressure produced radiation reaction regions reservoir result saturation vapor pressure scale sea surface seafloor sedimentary rocks sediments shown in Figure silicate weathering soil solar luminosity species stratosphere surface temperature tropics troposphere volcanic warming water vapor wavelength wind