The Vesico-vaginal Fistula

abdominal wall anæsthesia anastomosis angled scissors bladder cavity bladder drainage bladder fistula bladder mucosa bladder neck bladder trigone bladder wall blade blood supply bowel Cæsarean section calculus catgut catgut stitch cause cervix Chapter circumferential fistula closed closure colostomy colpocleisis cure cystoscope cystotomy damaged difficult dissection episiotomy examination excise exposed favour fibrosis fistula repair Foley catheter forceps function gracilis muscle gynecological hospital hysterectomy ileal incision incontinence of urine infection inserted instruments intestine kidney knee-chest position later layer lithotomy position method mucosa necrosis needle normal nylon obstetrical obturator foramen opening patient pelvic colon polyethylene tube possible post-operative posterior procedure pubic bone radium rectal rectum removed result retractor rubber side silver wire Sims's slough sometimes stress incontinence subsequent suction suprapubic surgeon surgery suture technique tissue transverse transvesical operation treatment ureter urethra urinary leakage urine usually uterine uterus vaginal edges vaginal fistula vaginal vault vaginal wall vesico-urethral junction vesico-vaginal fistula