should be made over the Hellespont between Abidus and Sestos, the sea there having a mile of breadth, wanting an eighth part; which, after the finishing, was by a tempest torn asunder and dissevered: whereupon Xerxes, being more enraged than discouraged, commanded those to be slain that were masters of the work, and caused six hundred threescore and fourteen gallies to be coupled together, thereon to frame a new bridge; which, by the art and industry of the Phenicians, was so well anchored to resist both winds blowing into and from the Euxine sea, as the same being well boarded and railed, the whole army of seventeen hundred thousand foot, and fourscore thousand horse, with all the mules and carriages, passed over it into Europe in seven days and seven nights, without intermission. This transportation of armies did Casar afterwards use; and Caligula, that mad emperor, in imitation of Xerxes' bridge, did build the like.

"The bridge finished, and the army brought near to the sea-side, Xerxes took a view of all his troops, assembled in the plains of Abidus, being carried up, and seated on a place over-topping the land round about it, and the sea adjoining and after he had gloried in his own happiness, to behold and command so many nations, and so powerful an army and fleet, he sud

:

denly (notwithstanding) burst out into tears, moved with this contemplation, that in one hundred years there should not any one survive of that marvellous multitude *.”

In relating the fatal battle of Canna, Sir Walter has given the following picture of the Consul Æmilius, which I have selected, as it introduces an act of high heroism drawn from the annals of our native country :

"Emilius-who could not sit his horse, whilst the battle yet lasted, and whilst the spaces were somewhat open, by which he might have withdrawn himself, was now (had he never so well been mounted) unable to fly, having in his way so close a throng of his own miserable followers, and so many heaps of bodies as fell apace in that great carnage. It sufficeth unto his honour, that in the battle he fought no less valiantly, than he had warily before both abstained himself, and dissuaded his fellow-consul from fighting at all. If, when the day was utterly lost, it had lain in his power to save his own life, unto the good of his country, never more needing it; I should

*Book iii. Sect. 2. p. 404. I quote from the eleventh edition of the History of the World, published in London in 1736, in two volumes folio, and which, though accurately printed as to matter, from a copy revised by Sir Walter himself, has injudiciously adopted the modern orthography.

think that he either too much disesteemed himself, or, being too faintly minded, was weary of the world, and his unthankful citizens. But if such a resolution were praise-worthy in Æmilius, as proceeding out of Roman valour, then was the English virtue of the Lord John Talbot, viscount Lisle, son to that famous Earl of Shrewsbury, who died in the battle of Chastillon, more highly to be honoured. For Æmilius was old, grievously, if not mortally wounded, and accountable for the overthrow received; Talbot was in the flower of his youth, unhurt, easily able to have escaped, and not answerable for that day's misfortune, when he refused to forsake his father; who foreseeing the loss of the battle, and not meaning to stain his actions past by flying in his old age, exhorted this his noble son to be gone and leave him *."

The next character who demands our notice in the history of style, is the founder of genuine philosophy, the immortal BACON, who has been almost as much celebrated for his diction, as his matter. Ben Jonson affirms, " that he may be named and stand as the mark and acme of our language +." Addison, in the Tatler, N° 267, declares that he had "all the beautiful lights, graces, *Book 5. Section 8. p. 626.

† Discoveries, Whalley's Edition, vol. vii. p. 100.

VOL. II.

and embellishments of Cicero.

One does not

know," says he, " which to admire most in his writings, the strength of reason, force of style, or brightness of imagination ;" and Lord Orrery, at a much later period, is of opinion, that " Lord Bacon is the first author who has attempted any style that can be relishable to the present age*."

That the composition of Lord Bacon, especially in his scientific works, was in general perspicuous, will not be denied ; but that he reached the acme of our language, and exhibited the graces of Cicero, is surely hyperbolical praise. Hume, though he possessed not a due esteem for the intellectual powers of Bacon, has given, perhaps, no unjust description of his style; "he pos sessed not," says he, "the elegance of his native tongue; his style is stiff and rigid." The latter part of this censure will certainly apply to the major portion of his historical and miscellaneous productions, which are frequently very quaint and pedantic; but will not, I think, attach to his English philosophical works. In these, a plain but manly eloquence is often to be found; and the following passage from his admirable books on the Advancement of Learning, where nume

* Remarks on the Life and Writings of Swift, p. 234, edit. 1752.

rous pages equally well written occur, will, I have no doubt, confirm the assertion:

"It is an assured truth, and a conclusion of experience, that a little or superficial knowledge of philosophy may incline the minde of man to atheisme; but a farther proceeding therein doth bring the minde backe againe to religion for in the entrance of philosophy, when the second causes, which are next unto the senses, doe offer themselves to the minde of man, if it dwell and stay there, it may induce some oblivion of the highest cause; but when a man passeth on farther, and seeth the dependance of causes, and the workes of providence, then, according to the allegory of the poets, hee will easily beleeve that the highest linke of nature's chayne must needs be tyed to the foot of Jupiter's chayre. To conclude, therefore, let no man upon a weake conceite of sobriety, or an ill applyed moderation, thinke or maintaine, that a man can search too farre, or be too well studied in the Booke of God's word, or in the Booke of God's workes; divinityor philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endlesse progresse, or proficience in both : only let men beware that they apply both to charity, and not to swelling; to use, and not to ostentation; and againe, that they doe not un