addresses the Scottish Nobles in French, 173.

gives Judgment in favour of Baliol, 175.

racter, 175.

His Dexterity, 174. Chancellor

Death of Burnel, 175. His Cha-

CHAPTER XI.

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL FROM THE DEATH OF LORD CHAN-

CELLOR BURNEL DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD I.

JOHN DE LANGTON, Chancellor, 178. His Origin, 178. Ordinance for Despatch

of Business, 179. Appeal of Earl of Fife v. King of Scots, 179. Parliament at

Berwick, 180. King goes abroad, 180. Parliament at Westminster, 181.

"Confirmation of the Charters," 181. "Articuli super Chartas," 181. Chan-

cellor elected Bishop of Ely, 182. Goes to Rome, 182. Resignation of Lang-

ton, 183. Adam de Osgodebey, Keeper of Great Seal, 183. WILLIAM DE

GRENEFIELD, Chancellor, 184. His Family, 184. Attempt in Parliament to

make Office of Chancellor elective, 184. Letter to the Pope respecting Inde-

pendence of Scotland, 185. Resignation of De Grenefield, 186. His Journey

to Rome, 186. His Death, 186. WILLIAM DE HAMILTON, Chancellor, 187.

Statute" De Tallagio non concedendo," 187. Conviction and Execution of Sir

William Wallace for Treason, 187. Death of the Chancellor, 188. RALPH DE

BALDOCK, Chancellor, 188. His Education and Rise, 189. Death of Edward I.,

189. Accession of Edward II., 189. Removal of De Baldock, 190. His

Death, 190. Jurisdiction of Chancellor in the Reign of Edward I., 190. Im.

provements in Law, 190. Gratitude to Law Reformers, 190. Law Books

191.

CHAPTER XII.

202.

CHANCELLORS DURING THE REIGN OF EDWARD II.

Accession of Edward II., 192. JOHN DE LANGTON Chancellor the Second Time,

192. King abroad, 193. King goes to Boulogne, 193. King himself uses the

Great Seal, 193. Revolution in the Government, 194. The Chancellor resigns,

194. His Character, 194. Office of Chancellor in Abeyance, 195. WALTER

REYNOLDS, Chancellor, 195. Tutor to Edward II., 195. His conduct as Chan-

cellor, 196. His Resignation, 196. Execution of Gaveston, 196. Reynolds,

the Ex-chancellor, made Keeper of the Great Seal, 196. Battle of Bannock-

burn, 197. Q. Whether the Great Seal was taken at the Battle of Bannock-

burn, 197. Council at York, 198. Resignation of Reynolds, 198. His subse-

quent Career, 198. His Death, 198. Chancellor still Chief of Chapel Royal,

198. JOHN DE SANDALE, Chancellor, 199. Keepers of Seal concurrently, 199.

De Sandale removed, 199. Epicurism of Lord Chancellor De Sandale, 199.

JOHN DE HOTHAM, Chancellor, 200. Ascendancy of Earl of Lancaster, 200.

Resignation of Chancellor, 201. JOHN DE SALMON, Chancellor, 201. Chancel-

lor goes to France with King, 201. Surrender of Great Seal by De Salmon,

Great Seal in Custody of Queen Isabella, 202. Isabella not Lady

Keeper," 202. De Salmon again acts as Chancellor, 203.
Chancellor opposes

Earl of Lancaster, 203. Execution of Earl of Lancaster, 203. Edward's incu-

rable Love of Favourites, 203. Resignation of the Chancellor, 203. ROBERT DE

BALDOCK, Chancellor, 204. Civil War, 204. Landing of Queen, 204. The

Bishop of Exeter beheaded by the Mob, 205. Fate of the Spensers, 205. Sen-

tence on younger Spenser, 205. Chancellor Baldock seized by the Mob, and

thrown into Newgate, 206.
Dies of his wounds, 206. Prince Edward chosen

Custos of the Kingdom, 206. Imprisonment of Edward II., 206. King sends

Great Seal to Queen, 207. Queen's Proclamation, 207. Edward 11. deposed,

207. Murder of Edward II., 208. ADAM DE ORLETON acts as Chancellor, 208.

His equivocal line respecting the Murder of the King, 208. Origin of Office of

Master of the Rolls, 208. Complaints in Parliament of the Court of Chancery,

209. Jurisdiction of the Court in Reign of Edward II, 209. Letters of

Marque and Reprisals granted by Chancellor, 210. Year Books, 210. Estab-

lishment of Inns of Court, 211.

CHAPTER XIII.

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE

REIGN OF EDWARD III. TILL THE APPOINTMENT OF SIR RICHARD BOURCHIER, THE

FIRST LAY LORD CHANCELLOR.

John de Hotham again Chancellor, 212. His Death and Character, 212. HENRY

DE BURGHERSH, Chancellor, 212. New Great Seal, 213. Temporary Ascendancy

of Mortimer, 213. Edward III. seizes the Reins of Government, 214. A Par-

liament, 214. King's Speech, 214. Burghersh dismissed, 214. His exile and

Death, 215. JOHN DE STRATFORD, Chancellor, 215. His Origin and Education,

216. Ambassador to Pope, 216. His Rise till appointed Chancellor, 216.

Punishment of Queen Isabella, 216. Measures to restore internal Tranquillity,

216. Court of Chancery becomes stationary, 216. Marble Chair and Table in

Court of Chancery, 217. A Parliament, 218. Questions put to Parliament by

the Chancellor, 218. Chancellor returns from Embassy, 218. Separation of

Lords and Commons, 219. Great Influence of Parliament under Plantagenets,

219. Chancellor's Speech on Meeting of New Parliament, 219. Keepers of

Great Seal appointed by the Chancellor, 220. RICHARD DE BURY, Chancellor,

220. His Family, 221. Education 221. His College Life, 221. Tutor to

Edward III. when Prince, 221. His rise on Accession of Edward III., 222.

His Splendour at Court of Rome, 222. Bishop of Durham, 222. His Conduct

as Chancellor, 223. A Parliament, 223. Ambassador to Paris, 223. His Re-

tirement, 224. Philobiblon, 224. His love of Books, and Mode of collecting

them, 224. His Encouragement to the Study of Greek, 227. His Description

of the Bad Usage of Books, 228. Gross Ignorance of the Laity, 229. Scrip-

tural Authorities for taking great Care of Books, 229. Death and Burial of

Richard de Bury, 230. His Merit, 230. Archbishop John Stratford Chancel-

lor the second Time, 230. Claim of Edward III. to the Crown of France, 230.

Resignation of John de Stratford, 231. ROBERT DE STRATFORD, Chancellor, 231.

BYNTEWORTH, Chancellor, 232. His History, 232. His Death, 233. John de

Stratford, Chancellor the third Time, 233. A Parliament, 233. Resignation

of John de Stratford, and re-appointment of Robert, 233. Administration of the

Stratfords, 234. Their Fall, 294. Embarrassments of the King, 234. His

sudden Return, 234. Imprisonment of the Lord Chancellor, 234. Edward's

Rage against the Priesthood, 234. Advantages and Disadvantages of appointing

Ecclesiastics to Office of Chancellor, 234.

CHAPTER XIV.

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT, SEAL FROM THE APPOINTMENT OF SIR

ROBERT BOURCHIER TILL THE APPOINTMENT OF WILLIAM DE WICKHAM.

239.

Sir ROBERT BOURCHIER, Chancellor, 236. His Birth and military Career, 236.

Retirement and Death of Ex-chancellor Robert de Stratford, 236. Prosecution

of Ex-chancellor John de Stratford, 237. A Parliament, 237. Writ of Sum-

mons refused to the Archbishop, 237. His Remonstrance, 237. His Appear-

ance in Palace Yard, 238. Information against him in Exchequer, 238. Triumphs

over the King, 238. Spirited Conduct of House of Peers, 238. King submits,

His death and Character, 239. Conduct of Lord Chancellor Bourchier,

239. King himself uses the Seal, 240. Complaints against Lord Chancellor

Bourchier, 240. Attempts in Parliament to regulate the Appointment of Chan-

cellor, 240. Statute for periodical Resumption of Office of Chancellor, 241.

Oath to observe the Statute, 241. Edward's perfidious Violation of the Statute,

241. Renewed Controversy between the King and Ex-chancellor John de Strat-

ford, 242. King resolves to sacrifice the Chancellor to public Discontent, 243.

Dismissal of Bourchier, 243. Death of Ex-chancellor John de Stratford, 243.

Disadvantages of Lord Chancellor Bourchier, 243. Bourchier's subsequent

Career, 244. Sir ROBERT PARNYNGE Chancellor, 244. His legal Studies, 244.

When Chancellor he continues to study the Common Law, 244. Use of the

Great Seal, 245. King abroad, 245. Commons pray that Chancellor may be a

Peer, 245. Sudden Death of Lord Chancellor Parnynge, 246. ROBERT DE

SADYNGTON, Chancellor, 247. His Descent, 247. Bad Equity Judge, 247. A

Parliament, 247. Lord Chancellor Sadyngton dismissed, 248. Return to Ec-

clesiastical Chancellors, 248. JOHN DE OFFORD, Dean of Lincoln, Chancellor,

249. Battle of Cressy, 249. Complaints in Parliament against Court of Chan-

cery, 249. Death of Chancellor de Offord, 251. JOHN DE THORESBY, Chancel-

lor, 251. His writings, 251. Statutes of Treason, 251. Attack in Commons

on equitable Jurisdiction of Chancellor, 252. Thoresby, being made Archbishop

of York, resigns the Great Seal, 253. His Death, 253. WILLIAM de Edington,

Chancellor, 253. Peace of Bretigni, 254. Statute for Use of English Lan-

guage, 254.
Refuses the Primacy, 255. Resignation of Lord Chancellor Ed-

ington, 255. SIMON DE LANGHAM, Chancellor, from being a Monk, 256. His

Rise, 256. Translated to Canterbury, 256. Quarrels with Wickliffe, 257.

Custom of Chancellor opening Parliament with Discourse from text in Scripture,

257. He retires to Avignon, and aspires to the Popedom, 258. His Death,

258.

CHAPTER XV.

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL FROM THE APPOINTMENT OF

WILLIAM OF WICKHAM TILL THE DEATH OF EDWARD III.

WILLIAM OF WICKHAM, 259.

His Origin, 259. Education, 259. Introduced to

Edward III., 260. Builds Windsor Castle, 260. Order of the Garter, 261.

Inscription on Castle, 261. Wickham takes Holy Orders, 261. His Prefer-

ment, 262. Engages in Politics, 262. His Income, 262. Made Bishop of

Winchester, 263. Receives the Great Seal, 263. Impropriety of the Appoint-

ment, 263. Wickham an incompetent Judge, 264. Complaints against him in

Parliament, 264. He is removed from Office, 264. Sir ROBERT THORPE, Chan-

cellor, 264. His Birth and Education, 265. His Promotions in the Law, 265.

Popularity of Chancellor, 265. His Death, 265. His Learning and Ability,

266. Sir JOHN KNYVET, Chancellor, 266. His Origin, 267. An excellent

Judge, 267. A Parliament, 267. Chancellor's Speech, 268. The "Good

Parliament," 269. Alice Pierce, 269. Chancellor's Speech to the Parliament,

Vote of "Want of Confidence," 270. Prosecution of William of Wick-

ham, 270. Resignation and Death of Lord Chancellor Knyvet, 272. ADAM

DE HOUGHTON, Chancellor, 271. A Parliament, 272. Death of Edward III.,

272. His Domestic Government, 272. Jurisdiction of Court of Chancery, 273.

Character of the Chancellors of Edward III., 274. Origin of Parliamentary

Impeachments, 274. Justices of Peace, 274.

269.

CHAPTER XVI.

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF

THE REIGN OF RICHARD II. TILL THE SECOND CHANCELLORSHIP OF WILLIAM OF

WICKHAM.

De Houghton continues Chancellor, 276. His Speech to Parliament, 276. Pro-

ceedings of Commons, 277. Parliament at Gloucester, 277. Sir RICHARD le

SCROPE, Chancellor, 278. Death of Houghton, 278. Rise of Richard le

Scrope, 278. Made a Peer, 279. A Parliament, 279. Removal of Lord Scrope,

and Appointment of SIMON DE SUDBURY as Chancellor, 280. His Origin and

Education, 280. Made Archbishop of Canterbury, 280. Lord Chancellor, 280.

He proposes the Poll Tax, 281. Wat Tyler's Rebellion, 281. Chancellor seized

in the Tower, 282. Beheaded, 282. Miracles by the deceased Chancellor, 282.

WILLIAM COURTENAY, Chancellor, 282. His illustrious Descent, 283. Disputes

with John of Gaunt, 283. His Behaviour as Judge, 283. Removal on Address

of Commons, 283. Lord le Scrope again Chancellor, 284. Death of Ex-

chancellor Courtenay, 284. King quarrels with Lord le Scrope who is dis-

missed, 284. ROBERT DE BRAYBROKE, Chancellor, 285. Parliament, 285. Wick-

liffe, 285. The Chancellor's pious Fraud to put down Heresy, 285. MICHAEL DE

LA POLE, Chancellor, 286. His Conduct as Judge, 287. In Parliament, 287.

Chancellor made an Earl, 288.

Chancellor and the Bishop of Ely, 288. A Parliament, 289. Proceedings

against the Chancellor, 290. The Earl of Suffolk removed from the Office of

Chancellor, 291. THOMAS ARUNDEL appointed, 291. Impeachment of the Ex-

chancellor, 291. His Defence, 291. Death of the Earl of Suffolk, 292. His

Character, 293. THOMAS ARUNDEL, Chancellor, 293. His Family, 293. Edu-

cation, 293. Misconduct of Richard II., 293. Civil War, 294. A Parliament,

294. Arundel dismissed, 294.

Altercation in the House of Lords between the

CHAPTER XVII.

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL FROM THE SECOND CHANCELLOR-

SHIP OF WILLIAM OF WICKHAM TILL THE END OF THE REIGN OF RICHARD II.

William of Wickham again Chancellor, 295. His History between his two Chan-

cellorships, 295. A Parliament, 296. The Chancellor lays down his Office in

Parliament and is re-appointed, 296. Resignation of William of Wickham, 297.

His Retirement from public Life, 298. His Death, 298. His Merits, 298.

Thomas de Arundel's second Chancellorship, 298. History of John de Waltham,

299. His Invention of Writ of Subpoena, 299. Proceedings in Parliament

against the Court of Chancery, 300. Chancellor goes with King to Ireland,

300. His Death, 300. Removal of Arundel, 301. EDMUND STAFFORD, Chan-

cellor, 301. Chancellor's Speech on opening Parliament, 301. Ex-chancellor

Arundel impeached and convicted, 301. Family of the Staffords, 302. Henry

of Bolingbroke claims the Crown, 303. JOHN SEARLE, Chancellor, 303. Ex-

chancellor Arundel accompanies Henry, 304. Deposition of Richard II., SO5.

Henry raised to the Throne, 306. New Parliament, 306. Celebrated Speech

for Richard by Bishop of Carlisle, 306. Fate of Richard, 307.

Jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery in Reign of Richard II., 307. Complaint

against Masters in Chancery, 308.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Equitable

CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY IV.

His

JOHN SEARLE, nominally Chancellor, 310. A Parliament, 310. Chancellor not

allowed to address the two Houses, 310. Resigns, 310. His Obscurity, 311.

Edmund Stafford restored, 311. Issues of Fact arising in Court of Chancery to

be tried in a Court of Common Law, 311. The Chancellor resigns, 312.

Retreat and Death, 312. CARDINAL BEAUFORT, Chancellor, 312. His Origin

and early Career, 312. His Conduct as Chancellor, 313. Attempt of House of

Commons to seize Church Property, 313. "Lack-Learning Parliament," 314.

Cardinal Beaufort removed, 315. THOMAS LONGLEY, Chancellor, 315. Attempt

to introduce Salic Law into England, 315. Proceedings in Parliament respect-

ing the Court of Chancery, 316. Archbishop Arundel restored to Office of

Chancellor, 317. Chancellor dismissed, 318. Great Seal in custody of Master

of Rolls, 318. Ex-chancellor Beaufort addresses the two Houses, 318. Church

in danger, 319. Sir THOMAS BEAUFORT, afterwards Duke of Exeter, Chancellor,

319. His History and Conduct as Chancellor, 319. His subsequent Career

and Death, 319. Archbishop Arundel Chancellor the fifth Time, 320. Illness

of Henry IV., 320. Character of Chancellors of Henry IV., 320. Conviction

and Execution of an Archbishop, 321.

CHAPTER XIX.

CHANCELLORS DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY V.

Accession of Henry V., 322. Great Seal taken from Archbishop Arundel, and re.
stored to Cardinal Beaufort, 322. Subsequent Career of Ex-chancellor Arundel

323. He sentences Lord Cobham to be burnt, 323.

Renewed Attempt of the

Commons to seize the Property of the Church, 323. King claims Crown of

France, 324. Chancellor's Speech at the Opening of Parliament, 325. Petition

against the Court of Chancery, 325. Petition negatived, 326. Other Proceed-

ings of Commons against Court of Chancery, 327. Chancellor lends Money to

the King, taking the Crown in pawn, 328. Act against the Irish, 329. Judicial

Conduct of Cardinal Beaufort, 329. Great Seal taken from Cardinal Beaufort,

329. Longley, Chancellor the second Time, 330. A Parliament, 330. Treaty

of Troyes, 330. Death of Henry V., 331. Administration of Justice during

his Reign, 332.

CHAPTER XX.

CHANCELLORS FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. TILL THE

DEATH OF CARDINAL BEAUFORT.

Lord Chancellor Longley resigns Great Seal to Infant King, 333. A Parlia

ment, 333. Longley re-appointed Chancellor, 334. Duke of Gloucester, Pro-

tector, 334. Proceedings in Parliament against the Court of Chancery, 334.

Lord Chancellor's Speech on opening Parliament, 335. Disputes between Duke

of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort, 335. Longley deprived of Great Seal, 335.

Cardinal Beaufort Chancellor the third Time, 335. Death and Character of

Ex-chancellor Longley, 336. Henry VI., in Mother's Arms, opens Parliament,

336. Lord Chancellor Beaufort's Speech, 336. Chancellor to grant Licences

for Exportation of Butter and Cheese, 337. Riots in London caused by Chan-

cellor and Protector, 337. Chancellor's Letter to Duke of Bedford, 338. "Par-

liament of Bats," 338. Impeachment of Chancellor, 339. Chancellor and Pro-

tector reconciled, 339. Cardinal Beaufort resigns Great Seal, 340. His

subsequent History, 340. Sits on Trial of Maid of Orleans, 341. Fresh Quarrel

with Duke of Gloucester, 341. Murder of Duke of Gloucester, 342. Death of

Cardinal Beaufort, 342. His Character, 342.

CHANCELLORS

CHAPTER XXI

DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. FROM THE APPOINTMENT OF CAR-

DINAL KEMPE TILL THE DEATH OF LORD CHANCELLOR WAYNFLETE.

Obscure Origin of Lord Chancellor KEMPE, 344. His Rise, 344. His Conduct as

Chancellor, 344. Resignation of Cardinal Kempe, 346. JOHN STAFFORD Chan-

cellor, 346. His Birth and Education, 346. His long Continuance in Office,

346. Act to restrain excessive Jurisdiction assumed by Court of Chancery, 347.

Lord Chancellor Stafford's Style of Eloquence, 347. Repeal of Act for Chan-

cellor to license Exportation, 349. King's Marriage, 350. Disgraceful Treaty

with France, $50. Foundation of Eton College, 350. National Indignation on

discovering secret Article in Treaty with France, 350. A Parliament, 351.

Lord Chancellor Stafford dismissed, 351. His Death and Character, 351. Car-

dinal Kempe again Chancellor, 352. Banishment and Death of Duke of Suffolk,

352. Jack Cade's Rebellion, 352. War of the Roses, 353. Death and Cha-

racter of Lord Chancellor Kempe, 354. King's Illness, 355. The Earl of

SALISBURY appointed Chancellor by the Duke of York, 356. King's Recovery, 357.

Cardinal Bourchier made Chancellor by the Queen, 357. Great-grandson to

Edward III., 357. His good Qualities, 357. His Rise, 358. Battle of St.

Alban's, 358. Duke of York, Protector, 359. Chancellor seals Writ to super-

sede Duke of York, 359. Seal taken from Archbishop Bourchier, 360.
WIL-

LIAM WAYNFLETE, Bishop of Winchester, Chancellor, 360. His Origin, 361.

Fellow and Provost of Eton, 361. His Conference with Jack Cade, 361. The

Chancellor supports the Lancastrians, 362. His judicial Conduct, 362. Ap-

parent Pacification, 363. Hostilities resumed, 363. Battle of Blore Heath, 363.

A Parliament, 363. Yorkists attainted, 364. Battle of Northampton, 364.

Waynflete resigns Great Seal, 364. His subsequent Career, 365. Submits to