stipend should be small, unless substantial duties are assigned to the lower master.

15. That the attention of the governors should be directed to the following subjects:(1) the size and ventilation of the school-rooms, and the general sanitary regulations of the school; (2) the insufficiency of the cricketground, and the desirableness of acquiring more space for cricket.

"16. That the governors should provide for the erection of a suitable building, with a view to the accommodation of the English form, and for maintaining a suitable staff of masters to instruct the boys attending it; that the outlay necessary for these purposes should be borne in the first instance by the funds of the foundation, and, should these prove insufficient, by the reserve fund mentioned above."

"RUGBY.

Rugby school, or, as we feel bound to call it, the Free School of Lawrence Sheriff, was founded in the year 1567 by Lawrence Sheriff, grocer, of London. The nature of the school was described by him in a deed called his 'Intent' as a free grammar school, to serve chiefly for the children of Rugby and Brownsover, and next of the places adjoining.' The property which he left for the purposes declared in his Intent' was given partly by a legal conveyance in the form of a bargain and sale, dated on the 22nd of July 1567, partly by his will bearing the same date, and partly by a codicil to his will dated the 31st August in the same year. The property is described as consisting of all his lands in Rugby, Brownsover, and the county of Warwick, the third part of a close of pasture ground in Gray's Inn Fields called the Conduit Close, and 501. in money. This was also by the same Intent' charged with the establishment and support of four almsmen, two from Rugby and two from Brownsover, for ever. It does not appear that he was in possession of any Warwickshire lands beside those in Rugby and Brownsover.

"In the course of the first hundred years following the execution of these instruments the growth and even the existence of the institution was seriously threatened. The survivor of the two trustees named by the founder is said to have applied to his own benefit the property in Middlesex. After several vain attempts

made by successive masters of the school, who drew their stipends in part from this estate, to recover it by legal proceedings, it was at last rescued, with all arrears of rent, through the Report of a Commission issued under the Great Seal in the year 1614. When the London property was thus recovered, dangers of the same kind were impending over part of the Warwickshire estate. The descendants of the first lessee for life of the Brownsover property, from which the remainder of the school income was drawn, claimed and exercised rights of ownership over the estate, on the alleged ground that the rent of 16l. 13s. 4d., at which the founder had leased it, constituted the whole interest, taken by the school in that estate. A second inquisition was taken, therefore, in the year 1653 at Rugby, in consequence of which the acts of the lessee were declared to be a usurpation, and restitution was ordered and made, with payment of arrears, amounting to 7421. 8s. 4d. Since the report and order of the second inquisition, the property left by Lawrence Sheriff has been applied to the uses of the charity without disturbance.

"At the foundation of the school the annual income of the charity, consisting in the rent of 16l. 13s. 4d. from the Brownsover property, and 81. from the Middlesex estate, amounted to 241. 13s. 4d. The Rugby property producing no rent consisted in a mansion which the founder appointed as the master's residence, and ground on which he desired that there should be built a fair school house,' close to the mansion, and four neat lodgings for the four almsmen. Of the annual income 12l. was to be paid to the schoolmaster, and 6l. 11s 4d. in salaries to the almsmen. After the lapse of more than two centuries from the foundation a new era of financial prosperity dawned upon the school. The Conduit Close of Gray's Inn Fields, of which eight acres belonged to the charity of Lawrence Sheriff, lay at the time of the foundation half a mile without the city walls. Within sixteen years of the foundation was passed the famous Act of Queen Elizabeth, followed by repeated proclamations to the like effect in the same and following reigns, which forbade the erection of any houses within three miles of London. In obedience to laws, however, stronger than statutes and proclamations, the Conduit Close was reached by the growing

town, and let in the year 1702 on a long building lease. During the continuance of this lease, in the year 1748, the clear yearly revenue of the whole estate amounted to 1167. 17s. 8d., of which 631. 6s. 8d. was paid to the schoolmaster, and 317. 13s. 4d. was expended on the almsmen; but on its falling in in 1780, the annual rental of the Middlesex estate alone amounted to 1,880l. 78.

"In 1807 the total annual income derived from the Middlesex and Warwickshire estates amounted to 2,0321. 18s. from the former, and 911. 17s. 6d. from the latter. The accumulation of capital derived from fines on renewal had reached the sum of 43,221l. 7s. 1d., the interest on which raised the annual revenues to 3,4211. 8s. 3d., while the expenditure amounted only to 1,690l. 11s. 3d. The real value of the London estate continued to rise till within the last forty years, during which period it has again steadily declined; partly in consequence of the decreasing popularity of Lambs Conduit Street (in which name are now to be found the only traces of the old Conduit Close) and its neighbourhood as a place of residence, and partly in consequence of the deteriorated state of the houses on which the rent is taken. Indeed, although since no fines are now taken as formerly they were on the renewal of leases, the yearly rent has not fallen, yet the actual value of the property is estimated to have diminished by 30 per cent. since the year 1821. There is no present definite prospect of improvement. The income from the whole property, estimated on an average taken upon that of the last seven years amounts to 5,6531. 14s. 11d., of which 255l. 3s. is annually expended on the twelve almsmen who now represent the four almsmen for whom the founder made provision, and the remainder upon the general support of the charity and the school. Two surveyors are appointed by the trustees at moderate annual salaries for the two estates. Two receivers also collect the rents and profits. Both give adequate security, and render annual accounts which are carefully audited by the trustees at their annual meeting. In these arrangements both the letter and the spirit of the Statute 17 Geo. III. ch. 71. are complied with.

"Summary of Recommendations. "With the exceptions which we are about

to mention, all the General Recommendations appear applicable to Rugby. Recommendation XXVII., so far as it provides that the charge for instruction shall cover tutorial instruction as well as instruction in school, is in our opinion unsuitable to this school. In applying also the General Recommendations III. and V., respecting the powers to be assigned to the trustees and the head master respectively, we shall introduce, as will be observed, a slight modification.

"1. That the trustees of Rugby School be twelve in number, and be persons qualified by their position or attainments to fill that situation with advantage to the school.

"2. That of this number four be elected on account of generally acknowledged eminence in literature and science, in such manner that there shall be always one such trustee at least, when the full number of four is complete, eminent for scientific, and one at least for literary attainments or distinctions.

"3. That the trustees proceed as soon as convenient to elect four additional members qualified according to Recommendation II., and that the whole number of the trustees be thus temporarily raised to sixteen; that vacancies occurring among the four new members be filled up from time to time as they arise; but that no vacancies occurring among the twelve existing trustees be filled up till the whole body has been reduced below twelve.

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4. That six do constitute a quorum whenever the whole number of trustees is complete, and that whenever it is not complete, a proportion of not less than one-half of the existing number of trustees do constitute a quorum.

5. That the trustees possess all the powers which by the General Recommendation III. it is proposed shall belong to the governing bodies of other schools; and further, the power to make all such rules and orders respecting the government and discipline of the school (except on points hereinafter specially reserved to the head master) as by virtue of the original instrument creating the board of trustees, or any Act of Parliament now in force, they are authorized to make; that the head master have power generally to maintain discipline and administer the government of the school, subject to all such rules and orders as aforesaid. That there be reserved specially to the

head master power to appoint and dismiss all assistant masters in the school, to regulate the divisions of the classes, and appoint the work to be done, and the books and editions of books to be used; to administer the punishments; prescribe bounds; appoint the days for holidays and half holidays in the school time, and arrange the times at which the work in school in the several subjects of instruction is to be done.

6. That either drawing or music be taught to every boy for the first three years after his admission into the school, but if at the expiration of three years he shall not have reached the upper division of the fifth form, then until he shall reach such division. But in either case he shall be at liberty to continue to receive instructions in either music or drawing after the expiration of such period.

"7. That the instruction in physical science at Rugby consist in two main branches; first, natural philosophy, consisting in chemistry and physics; the second consisting in comparative physiology and natural history, both animal and vegetable.

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"8. That the arrangements recommended by Recommendation XIII., of the General Recommendations to be made for the discontinuance of some portions of the school work, in order to give more time to others, be so made as to begin to take effect in the second division of the fifth form, and that the portion of the classical work to be discontinued may, as now, consist either of part of the classical compositions, or of the two classical lessons with the tutor, or of both these portions of the classical work.

"9. That no boy in the school be permitted at any time during his stay at school to omit or discontinue the study of more than one of the three subsidiary studies, mathematics, modern languages, and physical science.

10. That the teachers of physical science be not required nor permitted to teach any other branch of knowledge in the school than that or those for which their salaries as teachers of physical science are paid to them.

11. That, so soon hereafter as it shall be practicable to give effect to such a rule, no boy be admitted into or allowed to remain in the lower school after fifteen years, nor in the middle school after sixteen years and six

months, nor in any form below the sixth form after eighteen years of age, unless the aggregate marks of such boy, as obtained by class work and examinations in all the subjects of classics, mathematics, modern languages, and physical science, be such as to exceed the average aggregate marks of those in the lowest division or form in the classical school, in which, by the rules of the schools, he ought at his age already to stand, in which case he may be allowed to exceed the proper age by a period not longer than three-quarters of a year, or such other time as may be settled by the trustees.

"12. That the annual sums hitherto paid by boys learning natural philosophy, 5l. 5s., drawing, 4., music, 4., be discontinued, and that no extra sum be paid on account of the regular instruction given in any of these branches of instruction.

"18. That twenty-one guineas and a half be paid annually by the parents and guardians of each boy not being a foundationer for school instruction.

"14. That twenty-one guineas and a half be paid annually by the trustees on behalf of each foundationer for school instruction.

"15. That these annual sums paid by parents and trustees constitute a 'school instruction' fund.

"16. That the annual stipends hitherto paid by the trustees of the school to the head master, seven assistant classical masters, and mathematical master, be paid annually to the present head master, the present seven senior assistant classical masters, and the present senior mathematical master, out of the school instruction fund.

"17. That the sum of fifteen guineas and a half, hitherto paid for school instruction, and distributed amongst the masters of the school in certain settled proportions, and to a reserve fund as now constituted, be henceforth paid out of the school instruction fund, and be distributed amongst the masters in the same manner and proportions, and then form a reserve fund for the benefit of masters as heretofore.

"18. That from the residue of the school instruction fund there be paid annually to two teachers, to be appointed to teach physical science, the sum of 1200l, of which 7001. be

given as a salary to a teacher of chemistry and physics, and 5007. be given as a salary to a teacher of physiology and natural history.

"19. That from the residue of the school instruction fund an annual sum of 600l. be paid to two teachers of music and drawing.

"20. That no head master hereafter to be appointed, and no master hereafter attaining a position among the seven senior classical masters, receive any annual stipend, either from the trustees or from the school instruction fund.

"21. That no senior mathematical master hereafter to be appointed, or succeeding hereafter to that position, receive the annual stipend of 1201., now paid by the trustees, and made payable out of the school instruction fund by these regulations.

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22. That the annual sum of ten guineas now legally payable by every boy above the lower school who takes private classical tuition be henceforth payable by every boy in the school for classical tuition till he reaches the second division of the fifth form.

"23. That on and after reaching the second division of the fifth form every boy henceforth pay the sum of twelve guineas, or such other sum as the trustees of the school may fix, for private tuition, to be distributed as the trustees, after communication with the head master, shall settle.

"24. That the sum of ten guineas now payable annually for private tuition in mathematics, and the sum of five guineas payable for private or laboratory instruction in natural philosophy, and the sum of six guineas payable for private tuition in modern languages, be not paid for any extra instruction by these Recommendations recommended to be given in any such branches of knowledge to a boy on or after reaching the second division of the fifth form, on account of his discontinuance of any subject of instruction taught in the school.

"25. That all the sums now paid to the head master on account of entrances, and of his share of the school instruction fund be paid to him, and be charged with the same payments to other masters as heretofore; but that all payments and fees payable to him on account of any number of boys beyond 470 be not received by him, but be paid into the school instruction fund: and that the amount of all

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30. That as the present arrangement of the salaries of the assistant masters appears susceptible of improvement, particularly in regard to the existing difference between the pecuniary remuneration of the senior assistant masters keeping boarding houses, and that of the masters immediately below them not keeping boarding houses, some different arrangements be adopted in future, for payment of assistant masters, applicable to such as may hereafter be appointed to keep boarding houses, and that these arrangements be based upon the following principles :

"First. That no classical assistant master receive more than 14001. per annum, and that none receive less than 500l. per annum ;

"Second. That the interval between the lowest income of any such master and the highest income be graduated by successive scales of income, such as will be suitable to various degrees of rank and standing amongst the assistant masters;

"Third. That there be not less than four distinct scales of income for the whole group of thirteen assistant masters;

"Fourth. That no one scale of income exceed that immediately below it by more than 300l. per annum, nor apply to more than four

masters.

"31. That, in order that this graduation of incomes may meet with no obstacle in the paucity and magnitude of the boarding houses at Rugby, each assistant master appointed to

a boarding house contribute the annual sum of 61. for each boarder in his house to the school instruction fund; and that this school instruction fund be distributed to those assistant masters keeping boarding houses and taking pupils, and to those not keeping boarding houses but taking pupils, and to those neither keeping boarding houses nor taking pupils, in various degrees, to be determined in part by their standing in the school, and in part by the amount of income which they can fairly be considered to derive as assistant masters from other source than the school instruction fund.

"32. That the income of no assistant master in the mathematical or modern language school exceed that of the assistant master next below him in order of seniority by more than 400l., where the number of assistants is above two, or by more that 500l. where it is two only, and that assistant masters in these several schools, keeping boarding houses, contribute the annual sum of 61. on each boarder to a fund to be made use of in carrying out this regulation.

"33. That the trustees of the school, before any new appointment to a boarding house is made, settle a scheme of payments, framed upon the principles just laid down, and applicable to all assistant masters hereafter to be appointed to boarding houses, who, in the opinion of the trustees, have no equitable claim to be exempted in consequence of their present position on the list of masters.

"34. That the trustees have power to amend from time to time, as the interests of the school may require, any scheme, by whomsoever framed or settled, which may have been framed for the payment of the masters.

"35. That no separate annual charge be made on any boys for any writing or arithmetic master hereafter to be appointed, but that a proper annual charge on such account be added to and become a part of the general charge for school instruction.

"36. That the trustees do not henceforth pay to the head master or to any assistant classical or mathematical master the annual stipends hitherto paid to them respectively, or any annual stipend.

"37. That the trustees of the school cease to award or to have power to award to persons

having served as masters any annual payments as stipends in the nature of fellowships.

"38. That the trustees do not pay any stipend to any writing or arithmetic master hereafter to be appointed.

"39. That the trustees do not henceforth pay any stipend to the drawing master, for whom a salary is now otherwise provided.

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"40. That the number of boys at school at any one time entitled to the benefits of the foundation by reason of residence at Rugby, or within a certain distance from Rugby, or within the county of Warwick, be gradually limited to twenty-five; and that the trustees do make provision for effecting this gradual diminution in such manner as not to defeat the reasonable claims of individuals who may have settled in the neighbourhood for the purpose of availing themselves of such privilege; provided that this limitation be carried into full effect before the month of August, 1873.

"41. That this local privilege be entirely abolished in a manner to be arranged by the trustees, who shall take steps to carry into full effect the total abolition of this local privilege before the month of August, 1883.

"42. That there be created at Rugby School twelve scholarships and twenty-four exhibitions, and that they be entitled respectively Sheriff scholarships and Sheriff exhibitions.'

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"43. That the Sheriff scholarships be of the annual value of 607. each, and the Sheriff exhibitions of the annual value of 25l. each, and that these sums be paid out of the annual revenues of the school.

"44. That of the Sheriff scholarships three be filled up annually by competitive examination in classics, open to all British subjects under the age of fifteen years, and tenable for four years at Rugby School.

45. That of the Sheriff exhibitions, six be filled up annually by competitive examination open to all British subjects under fifteen years of age, and tenable for four years at Rugby School.

"46. That of the six Sheriff exhibitions annually awarded, two be given to the greatest proficiency in French or German, or both; two for the greatest proficiency in those branches of physical science which are taught at Rugby School; and two for the greatest proficiency in mathematics.