and the mortality is at the rate of 27 in 1000; that of Radford, including part of the town suburbs, is 25; while in Basford the rate is 23. The remarkable circumstance is, that in nearly all the districts of Nottinghamshire the mortality increased, and in only three of them the mortality rate was even so low as 19. Derby was a dense district in the first, and grew denser in the second period; the mortality remained at the rate of 24 in 1000. "VIII. North Western Division.-This is the great seat of the cotton manufactures. The population, collected in small and large towns, was dense in the first period, and grew denser in the second period. The mortality is still high, but there are evidences of improvement; the rates were 27 and 26; namely, 23 and 22 for Cheshire, 28 and 26 for Lancashire. The mortality of Stockport, a tolerably dense district, was 25 and 26; of Macclesfield 26 and 25; of Congleton 22 and 23; in Great Boughton, including the city of Chester, 23 and 22 in the two decenniads. In Wirrall, including Birkenhead and New Brighton, the mortality was 20 and 19; thus presenting a favourable contrast to the Liverpool district, where the mortality declined from 36 to 33 in the two decenniads; and from 26 to 23 in West Derby, including the best part of the Liverpool borough. The Manchester district rates were 33 and 31; those of Chorlton, including part of the city of Manchester, were 25 and 24; while the Salford rates were 28 and 26. In Wigan the rates were 28 and 27; Bolton 27 and 27; Ashton 26 and 27; Preston 25 and 27. Of Garstang the mortality rate was as low as 16, and it is now 18; at Ulverston the rate rose from 18 to 20; the mortality of the Lancaster district remained 23 through the two periods. "IX. Yorkshire.-The rate was 23; the rate fell from 24 to 22 in the East Riding, rose from 23 to 24 in the West Riding. Sheffield is the southern dark centre of a fatal division of the West Riding, the rate of mortality there ranging from 27 to 28. Leeds is another dense centre of a region of high mortality; the mortality there was 28, Hunslet 24, Dewsbury 25, Bradford 26, Halifax 24. Of York the rate was 23; of Hull 25. Hull exhibits a great fall from 31 to 25 in the two decenniads; it is one of the districts where cholera was most fatal in the epidemic of 1849. Three districts of the North Riding experienced the rate of 18; one the rate of 17 per 1000; in others the rates ranged from 19 to 20; in Scarborough only it was so high as 21. "X. Northern Division.-The mortality was at the rate of 22 for the whole population; but the districts present the extreme range from 14 in Bellingham, 15 in Glendale and Rothbury, to 23 in Durham district, 23 in Tynemouth, 24 in South Shields, 25 in Sunderland, 26 in Gateshead, and 27 in Newcastleupon-Tyne. The mortality is generally high in the county of Durham; while Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland have some of the healthiest districts of England: Haltwhistle, Bellingham, Belford, Glendale and Rothbury, Brampton and Longtown, and Bootle experienced rates as low as 14, 15, 16, and 17. "XI. Wales (including Monmouthshire).— The mortality rate of Wales was 21, to which it rose from 20 in the first decenniad. The fatal coal and iron districts here, as in the north, stand out amidst the many healthier districts of the principality where the mortality ranged from 16 in Knighton to 18 in Llandovery, 18 in Newcastle-in-Emlyn, 18 in Lampeter, 18 in Tregaron, 18 in Builth, 18 in Rhayader, 18 in Corwen, 18 in Bala, 18 in Dolgelly, 18 in Pwllheli, and 18 in Conway. The mortality rate of the last decenniad was, upon the other hand, 23 in Pontypool, 22 in Newport, 23 in Cardiff, 25 in Abergavenny, 25 in Crickhowell, and 29 in Merthyr Tydfil. In Crickhowell the mortality declined from 27 to 25; in ominous Merthyr it rose from the rate of 28 deaths to 29 deaths per 1000 of the people. Note. The rate of mortality from each form of disease at each age is easily calculated for males and females from the facts which are given in the tables for each district. Thus, if the males of the age x be represented by la, and the annual deaths in the ten years 1851-60 by dr, then the annual rate of mortality is thus determined by the simple rule of proportiondx l: d1: m2 = The mean number of men living at the age 35 and under 45 in Birmingham at the censuses 1851 and 1861 was 11,322 = 1, and the average annual number of deaths from phthisis TABLE Showing the AREA, MEAN POPULATION, DENSITY, and PROXIMITY of POPULATION of the DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND, grouped in the order of their Mortality, 1851-60. NOTE. In this table the districts of England are thrown into groups, according to their respective rates of mortality. Thus, there was one district in which the average annual rate of mortality in the ten years 1851-60 was 14 in 1000 living, and 129 districts in which the mortality was 20 in 1000. This latter group comprises an area of 8,444,479 acres and a population of 2,649,736, being 1.290 hectars to a person, 78 persons to a square kilometer, or 201 persons to a square mile. If the population was spread equally over this area their proximity to each other would be 122 meters. The meter is longer than the English yard. One meter = 1093633 yards or 39 inches and a fraction. A square of 100 meters to the side is a hectar (land measure), while a square of 1000 meters to the side is a square kilometer. "IX. MORTALITY OF CITIES; RELATION BETWEEN DENSITY AND DEATH RATE. "It is well established that the mortality of the populations of cities is generally higher than the mortality of people in the country. And it has been shown in the annual reports that there is a constant relation between the density of the population and the mortality. This has been further tested by arranging all the districts in the order of their mortality during the ten years, and then determining the density of their population. "The general mortality of the 631 districts ranged from a rate of 14 to 33 deaths in 1000 living. If the facts are arranged in five great groups, the following result is obtained : "1. Where the mortality was 14, 15, or 16, the population was in the proportion of 86 The mortality is uncorrected for institutions. persons to 1 square mile. 2. Where the mortality was 17, 18, or 19, the population was 172 persons to a square mile. 3. Where the mortality was 20, 21, or 22, the population was of the density expressed by 255 to a square mile. 4. Where the mortality was at the rate of 23, 24, or 25, the population was of the density expressed by 1128 to a square mile. 5. And where the rate of mortality was 26 and upwards, the average density was expressed by 3399 persons to a square mile. Thus in these five groups there is a constant increase of mortality running parallel with the increase of density. "Not only is that the case in great groups, but the same law reigns over the two series of ratios-the ratio of deaths to the living and the ratio of the living to the area of land on which they dwell-when the groups are multiplied and the facts are subdivided so as to give rise to some disturbance; which almost invariably admits of explanation. For it happens when there is a discrepancy that the population is lodged on a small portion of the area of a wide district, and in that case the density of the part in which the people dwell is not accurately expressed by the method here employed. When the groups are larger, the effects of these perturbations are less visible, as the disturbing causes neutralize each other to some extent. "The population of the denser districts differs in many respects from that of the thinly peopled districts of the country; but there can be no doubt that mere proximity of the dwellings of the people does not necessarily involve a high rate of mortality. When any zymotic matter, such as varioline, scarlatinine, or typhine finds its way into a village or street, it is more likely to pass from house to house than it is where the people are brought less frequently into contact. The exhalations into the air are thicker. But if an adequate water supply, and sufficient arrangements for drainage and cleansing, are secured, as they can be by combination in towns, the evils which now make dense districts so fatal may be mitigated. Indeed some of the dense districts of cities are in the present day comparatively salubrious. ANNUAL MORTALITY per Cent. of MALES aged Fifteen Years and upwards in the under-mentioned OCCUPATIONS, in the Years 1860-61, at different Periods of Age, arranged in the Order of Mortality at Age 45. "X. MORTALITY OF PERSONS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS. "There is considerable difficulty in determining the mortality and the duration of life among men of all the professions, owing to the uncertainty in the naming of trades. But some occupations are well defined; and of those the mortality is shown in the annexed Tables. NUMBER OF MALES aged Fifteen Years and upwards in the under-mentioned OCCUPATIONS living at the Census of 1861, and the Number in the same Occupations who died in the Two Years 1860-61, at different Periods of Age. All males aged fifteen years and upwards in Eng and.. Living in 1861.. 35,115 40.276 31,561 8.245 ANNUAL MORTALITY PER CENT. of MALES aged 15 Years and upwards in the under-mentioned OCCUPATIONS, in the Years 1860-61, at different Periods of Age. "As in the case of towns, so it may be said of men of unhealthy occupations, the mortality is susceptible of reduction by the investigation and removal of its causes. Thus the miner may be protected from explosions; and to a large extent from underground injuries by greater care on his own part, and on the part of the managers and proprietors. He may be saved from the excessive fatigue of ladder climbing; and if the mines were well ventilated, he would not break down by so early and premature an old age. The publican has only to abstain from excesses in spirits and other strong drinks to live as long as other people." Majesty the Emperor of the French, and his Majesty the King of the Netherlands, being equally animated by the desire of regulating by common agreement the international questions relative to the laws affecting sugars, and especially to the drawback granted on the exportation of refined sugars, have resolved to convert into a diplomatic convention the arrangement which the Commissioners delegated by the Governments of the four contracting States signed on the 4th of October of the present year. "For this purpose their said Majesties have named as their plenipotentiaries, that is to say: her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the honourable William George Grey, her Britannic Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires at Paris; his Majesty the King of the Belgians, the Baron Eugene Beyens, his Envoy extraordinary and Minister plenipotentiary to his Majesty the Emperor of the French; his Majesty the Emperor of the French, M Edward Drouyn de Lhuys, his Minister and Secretary of State for the Department of Foreign Affairs; his Majesty the King of the Netherlands, M. Leonard Anthony Lightenvelt, his |