Conservation of Genetic Resources: Costs and Implications for a Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and AgricultureOver the past decade the importance of natural resources for sustainable agricultural development has been increasingly discussed at international forums and conferences. Aside from the sustainable management of soil, water, and air, it now seems to be accepted that the sustainable management of genetic resources is one of the four indispensable preconditions for a sustainable agriculture. The discussion on conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), however, has to reflect the costs of conservation as well. These have not yet been discussed intensively. The study analyzes the conservation costs of plant genetic resources; it also assesses the effectiveness of conservation and the efficiency of the different conservation instruments. It is based on extensive surveys in relevant countries. Following the detailed cost and impact analysis, the results show that the effectiveness of conservation strategies may be increased. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
12 Definitions of Genetic Resources | 4 |
131 Research Questions | 7 |
132 Approach and Data Sources | 9 |
Genetic Resources Status Development Losses and Conservation Management | 11 |
211 Centers for Plant Genetic Diversity | 12 |
212 Centers of Agrobiodiversity | 13 |
213 The Interdependence of Countries on PGRFA | 14 |
441 Multilateral System of PGRFA Exchange | 91 |
442 Bilateral System of PGRFA Exchange | 94 |
443 Market System of PGRFA Exchange | 95 |
and Their Funding | 96 |
Conservation Costs of PGRFA | 101 |
to Different Categories | 102 |
511 Costs of ex Situ Conservation | 103 |
512 Costs of in Situ Conservation | 111 |
22 Extent and Determinants of Genetic Extinction | 15 |
Losses | 16 |
222 Determinants for the Loss of PGRFA | 24 |
Agrobiodiversity | 29 |
24 Methods for Conservation of PGRFA | 33 |
241 Ex Situ Conservation Management | 35 |
242 In Situ Conservation | 38 |
243 Combination of ex Situ and in Situ Methods | 41 |
Economic Framework of Conservation | 45 |
National Level | 46 |
321 General Concept of Assessing Environmental Goods | 47 |
322 Method for Economic Valuation of PGRFA Conservation | 50 |
33 Analysis of the Beneficiaries of PGRFA Conservation | 55 |
34 Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA | 57 |
342 Economic Mechanisms of Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA | 64 |
Institutional Frameworks for the Exchange and Utilization of PGRFA | 75 |
41 Institutional Aspects of Exchange of PGRFA | 76 |
Plant Genetic Resources | 78 |
of the Exchange of PGRFA | 84 |
432 International Agreements and Their Coherence | 87 |
Resources | 90 |
513 Transaction Costs of PGRFA Conservation | 114 |
52 Expenditures of PGRFA Conservation at Country Level | 115 |
53 Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995 | 127 |
Countries | 139 |
Two Examples of PGRFA Conservation Systems India and Germany | 151 |
611 Indian National Plant Genetic Resources System | 152 |
612 National Policy on Plant Variety Recognition in India | 157 |
613 Production and Distribution of Quality Seed | 158 |
62 German Case Study78 | 160 |
622 Breeding | 170 |
63 Summary of the Indian and German Case Studies | 173 |
Conclusions for PGRFA Conservation Policy and Further Research Issues | 175 |
Incentives of Moderation | 178 |
Compensation or Internalization? | 180 |
Increasing Effectiveness Through a Market System Technology Development and Cooperation | 182 |
Summary | 185 |
Zusammenfassung | 189 |
Appendices | 193 |
| 225 | |
| 241 | |
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Conservation of Genetic Resources: Costs and Implications for a Sustainable ... Detlef Virchow No preview available - 2012 |
Common terms and phrases
according agrobiodiversity agrobiodiversity-rich Appendix basic benefit bilateral biodiversity biotechnology breeders calculated centers CGIAR Chap Consequently conservation activities conservation and exchange conservation and utilization conservation costs conservation methods conservation of PGRFA conserve PGRFA conserved accessions contributed Country Reports cryopreservation cultivars cultivated developing countries distribution domestic expenditures economic endangered variety estimated Ethiopia ex situ conservation exchange system existing extinction farmers Federal financial assistance Foreign aid funding Furthermore GDP total gene genebanks genetic diversity genetically coded information Germany germplasm global Hence ICRISAT implementation improved incentives increase India institutional international level landraces long-term mainly maize marginal million modern varieties NBPGR OECD opportunity costs overall PGRFA conservation PGRFA diversity plant breeding plant genetic resources production system programs property rights protection quality standard regeneration regional Resources for Food seed seedbank storage facilities Table traditional varieties UPOV utilization of PGRFA value of PGRFA wild relatives
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