-A religious vertigo remedied-More harm than good, 304-Present disci- pline-A common slander-Protestant versions, 306-Mutual compliments, 307-Version of King James, 308-The Douay and Vulgate Bibles, 309- Private interpretation-German rationalism, 311-Its blasphemies 312- Stating the question, p. 315-Two aspects-Professions, 316-D'Aubigné's theory, 317-"Combating" ad libitum, 318-Diversities and sects-Incon- sistency, 320-Early Protestant intolerance, 321—The mother and her re- creant daughter-Facts on persecution of each other by early Protestants, 322-Of Karlstadt-Luther the cause of it, 323-Persecution of Anabap- tists, 325-Synod at Homburg, 326-Luther's letter, 327-Zuingle, 328— The drowned Jew-Calvinistic intolerance-Persecution of Catholics, 330-Diet of Spires, 331-Name of Protestant—A stubborn truth, 332— Strange casuistry-Convention at Smalkalde, 333-Testimony of Menzel- CUJUS REGIO, EJUS RELIGIO, 339-Union of church and state, 340-A bear's embrace, 341-Hallam's testimony, 342-Parallel between Catholic and Boasting, p. 344-Theory of government-Political liberty-Four things guarantied, 345-Pursuit of happiness, 346-The Popes and liberty, 347— Rights of property, 348-Use made of confiscated church property, 349— The Attila of the Reformation-Par nobile fratrum, 350-Spoliation of Catholics-Contempt of testamentary dispositions, 351-The jus manuale abolished, 352--And restored--Disregard of life, 353—And crushing of pop- ular liberty—The war of the peasants-Two charges made good, 354-Griev- ances of the peasants-Drowned in blood-Remarkable testimony of Menzel 355-Luther's agency therein-Halting between two extremes-Result, 356 -Absolute despotism, 361-Swiss cantons, 362-D'Aubigné puzzled, 363 -Liberty, a mountain nymph-The old mother of republics, 364-Security Character of Calvinism--Protestant historians, p. 370-The "Registers," 371-Audin-Calvin's character, 372-His activity-His heartlessness, 373 -Luther and Calvin compared, 375-Early liberties of Geneva, 376-The "Libertines," 378-Blue laws, 379-Spy system--Persecution-Death of Gruet, 380-Burning of Servetus, 381-Hallam's testimony, 386--Morals of Calvin, 388-His zeal-His complicated diseases, 389-His last will—His awful death and mysterious burial, 390-A douceur, 391-The inference, 392. INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON LITERATURE, PP. 393-428 Light and darkness-Boast of D'Aubigné, p. 393—-Two sets of barbarians, 394-Catholic and Protestant art, 395-The "painter of the Reformation " -Two witnesses against D'Aubigné-Schlegel-Hallam, 396-"Bellowing in bad Latin,” 399--Testimony of Erasmus, 400—Destruction of monas- teries, 401-Literary drought-Luther's plaint, 402-Awful desolation— An "iron padlock,” 403-Early Protestant schools-D'Aubigné's omissions -Burning zeal, 404-Light and flame-Zeal for ignorance, 406-Burning of libraries-Rothman and Omar-Disputatious theology, 407-Its practical results, 408-Morbid taste, 409-The Stagirite-Mutual distrust, 410— Case of Galileo, 411-Liberty of the press, 413-Old and new style-Relig- ious wars, 414-Anecdote of Reuchlin, 415-Italy pre-eminent, 416-Plaint of Leibnitz-Revival of letters, 417-A shallow sophism-A parallel, 418 -Great inventions, 420-Literary ages-Protestant testimony, 421-Döl- -The ark amid the deluge, 435-Rome converts the nations, 436German civilization-Mohammedanism, 438-The Crusades-The 539-Luther and the Turks, 440-Luther retracts, 441-Religious Germany-Thirty Years' War, 443-General peace, 446-Disturbed Reformation-Comparison between Protestant and Catholic countries, TRIBUNAL OF THE REFORMATION, P... .. NOTE A. NOTES AND DOCUMENTS. AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE OPINIONS THE FIRST REFORMERS HAVE GIVEN OF ONE ANOTHER OF THE EFFECTS OF THEIR PREACHING, P・・・ NOTE B.-LUTHER'S CONFERENCE WITH THE DEVIL, P··· NOTE C.. PERMISSION GRANTED TO PHILIP, LANDGRA HESSE, BY LUTHER AND OTHER REFORMERS, TO HAVI WIVES AT ONCE, P. VIEW OF EUROPE BEFORE THE REFORMATION. this retrospective view-The origin of European Governmentsthmen-Rome the Civilizer-Protestant testimony-The Pope Emperor-Charlemagne-Guelphs and Ghibellines-Temporal F the Pope-Three great facts-Freedom of the Church-Election ps-Catholic munificence in middle ages-The Truce of Goda of Investitures-Horrible abuses-Gregory VII. and Henry he Controversy settled-But its germs remain-Modern historic -Growth of Mammonism-Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuriese VIII. and Philip the Fair-Faction and heresy-The new Mani-The Flagellants-The Great Schism-The Papacy comes out of thed-Catholic Reformation-Overcoming Scandals-The Hussites ponderance of Good over Evil-The Monasteries-Dr. Maitland's ony-Dr. Robertson convicted of gross misrepresentations-Homily Eligius-His warning against idolatry and superstition-A model eval Homily-St. Bernard and St. Vincent Ferrer-The Pragmatic on-Its mischievous tendency-Letter of Pope Pius II.-Preparation Reformation-Revival of Learning-Art of Printing-Italy leads ay-Testimony of Macaulay-The Humanists and DominicansPope and Liberty-Testimony of Laing-Summing up-Four conons reached-What we propose to examine and prove. rapidity with which the revolution, called by its friends eformation, succeeded throughout a considerable portion rope during the first half of the sixteenth century, can ely be properly appreciated, or even fully understood, ut referring to the moral and religious condition of pe during the preceding centuries. Hence we can not VOL. I.-2 ( 17 ) probably furnish a more suitable introduction to our essays on the history of the Protestant Reformation in Germany, than by attempting to present to our readers a rapid retrospective view of European society during the period usually called the middle ages-extending from the fifth to the sixteenth century. Our survey must necessarily be very brief and summary, and we shall confine ourselves to those events, or groups of facts, which may appear to have had the greatest influence on the coming religious revolution. While most of our remarks will be general, many of the facts we shall have to allege will be specially connected with mediæval German history, and with the repeated and occasionally protracted struggles between the German emperors and the Popes. Without taking some such an historical retrospect, we will hardly be prepared to understand how the minds of Christians, especially in Germany, become so suddenly ripe for revolt against the time-honored authority of the old Church, and particularly against that of the sovereign pontiffs, to whom they were so greatly indebted. The people who laid the foundations of almost all the modern European nations, and who shaped the great dynasties which have since resulted, after many vicissitudes, in the present settled at least consolidated-governments of Europe, were mainly the descendants of the Northern hordes, who overran Europe in the fifth and following centuries. This is more particularly the case in regard to Germany, where the Northmen established, with but slight modifications, their own peculiar laws and customs. In France, Italy, and Spain, these peculiar Germanic customs were modified, to a greater or less extent, by pre-existing laws and usages; some of which were retained when the original population had become amalgamated with their conquerors. The Northmen, who thus shaped the destiny of modern Europe, were originally either downright heathens-like the Huns or else barbarians, with a slight tincture of Christianity in the form of the Arian heresy-like a portion of the |