"The inhabitants of Valteline, being very ill treated by the Grisons, in the Exercise of their Religion, conspired against them, and by the help of Rodolph Plante killed a great multitude, and beat the rest out of the valley; and being succoured by the Spaniards (for the advancement of their own interest) made many Fortresses for their own defence. But the Venetians, jealous of their interest and laying aside that of Religion, were terrified by seeing the Gate of Italy shut up and the King of France also, advertised by them of the common danger, declared his interest by an Embassadour, whom he sent to Madrid, the fruit of whose negotiation produced a Promise of restitution, provided that the Roman Catholicks were entyrely assured of their Exercise. For the Policy of the Spaniards is to tye the interest of Religion to that of state, as many other Princes towards the North also do and upon these grounds cold and disinteressed Catholicks endeavour to make them pass for Hypocrites, and perswade all the world that under this Cloak they will strip all Princes of their States," &c. There was trouble brewing also in Bohemia. Howell, in his 'Familiar Letters,' writing under date June 3, 1619, says : "Ther are great stirs like to arise twixt the Bohemians and their elected King the Emperour, and they are come already to that height that they consult of deposing him, and to chuse some Protestant Prince to be their king, som talk of the Duke of Saxony, others of the Palsgrave." The latter prince was the son-in-law of James I. Howell writes on the same subject after the Bohemians had revolted; see his letter dated March 1, 1619 (1620 N.S.). Rapin (ed. 1732) says that "James dispatched Sir Henry Wotton [in 1620]......to exhort to Peace all the Princes engaged in the quarrel between the Emperor and the Palsgrave," &c. (vol. ii. p. 200). Liverpool. J. F. MANSERGH. CROSS TREE (7th S. vii. 8).-Crosses were commonly used as boundary marks before the changes in religion in the sixteenth century. It seems, therefore, probable the "asshe" which was "a crosse tree" at Wimbledon was a tree which grew beside one of these boundary crosses. Till about twenty years ago a large sycamore stood in the middle of "the town street" at Messingham, Lincolnshire. It no doubt supplied the place of the old village cross, and had its name in consequence. When it died a young sycamore was planted to replace the old one. I am glad to say that it grows rapidly. The old cross tree at Messingham was an object of interest in the neighbourhood, as it was known that John Wesley had preached under its shadow. EDWARD PEACOCK, Bottesford Manor, Brigg. In beating the bounds of parishes it is customary to mark the boundary, where possible, with a cross, to fix the limits of the two adjoining districts. The ash tree referred to had evidently been planted as a boundary tree, and marked in consequence with a cross, which would be renewed annually, or as often as the authorities went round. In the Saxon charters trees are frequently mentioned as indicating the boundary line. W. E. BUCKLEY. "Cross oaks" were oaks growing at the junction of cross roads, which were supposed to possess the power of curing ague. The patient pegged a lock of his hair into the tree, and then, violently breaking the lock from his head, left it and (as it was believed) his malady also in the oak. Were the many supposed medical virtues of the ash thought to be enhanced by its being situate at the crossing of roads? If no other explanation of the passage is forthcoming this seems a likely one. C. C. B. ERASMUS (7th S. vii. 49).—It is important that false notions should not get accepted. Pascal is credited, contrary to all evidence, with the invention of the wheel-barrow, and we shall now be told by the people who do the padding for provincial newspapers that Erasmus was the first person to whom the bright idea occurred that turf was useful for fuel. Your readers may rest assured that the use of turf for this purpose is prehistoric. I cannot give references at the present moment, but I am certain that I have seen notices as to the use of turf and peat for fires in manor court rolls many years before Erasmus was born. ANON. Erasmus having been a native of Holland may account for his having suggested the use of turf for burning. Turf is still extensively used as fuel in the Low Countries (Netherlands). J. S. WATER-MARKS (7th S. vii. 8).—See "Étude sur les Filigranes des Papiers employés en France aux XIV et XVe Siècles. Accompagnée de 600 Dessins Lithographiés. Par Étienne Midoux et Auguste Matton. A Paris, 1868. 8vo." The editors announce a similar work on the "filigranes” in use during the sixteenth century as in preparation, to be accompanied with 2,000 designs. W. E. BUCKLEY. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &o. sweet saint who sate by Russell's side "), Hugo Grotius (whose portrait, when a boy, by Miereveldt, is in the entrance hall), Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex (by Holbein), and others of highest note, long biographies are given. In the case of mere family portraits little information is, of course, supplied. The list includes the Queen, Charles I., George II. and George IV., William I., Emperor of Germany, Alexander II., Czar of Russia, Anne Boleyn, Mary, Queen of Scots, Lord Strafford, Edward Seymour, first Duke of Somerset, Marshal Turenne, and others of no less note. A few theatrical portraits are indicated, as Sir Thomas Killigrew (by Vandyck), the famous Moll Davies (by Sir Peter Lely), and Nell Gwynne (by Mrs. Beale). We are sorry to hear that failure of sight will prevent Mrs. Boyle prosecuting further her labours, and that the present work has been written under conditions demanding strong sympathy. We echo her wish that other collections of portraits shall be dealt with after a similar fashion. She has found with concern that the younger portion of the family "in some beautiful country" were " often en walle." Her own task has been discharged in zealous The Folk-lore of Plants. By T. F. Thiselton-Dyer. Chronicle of King Henry VIII. of England. Trans-tirely ignorant of any details respecting the lives of the lated, with Notes and an Introduction, by Martin A. Sharp Hume. (Bell & Sons.) THE publication of this quaint and valuable chronicle of a Spanish eye-witness of many of the deeds he describes is a boon to the historical student. Concerning the MS. chronicle itself, long believed to be unique, and entitled 'Chronica del Rey Enrico Otavo de Inglaterra,' all information is supplied in Mr. Hume's useful and scholarly introduction. No fewer than eleven MS. copies of the chronicle were brought to light and dealt with in a report to the Academy of History of Madrid. Proof how much the chronicle was valued is furnished in this multiplication. Its authorship has not been definitely traced, though Mr. Hume follows Don Mariano Roca de Togores, Marquis de Molins, the author of the original report, in ascribing it to one of the Spanish soldiers then in the service of Henry VIII. It is clumsy in construction, rude in style, and without a date, except one of 1530 introduced arbitrarily in the opening sentence. The author was, however, an eye-witness of many of the events he describes; his sympathies as a Spaniard and a Catholic give him a point of view different from that of the general English writer, and he deals at times with subjects they omit to mention. His chronicle has, accordingly, genuine value. One who seeks to see how well at times he can describe may turn to the animated account that is given of the trial and burning of Dr. Forest, an account that differs in some respects from that given by English chroniclers, and is obviously, so far as the burning is concerned, that of a witness. Of the successive wives of Henry, from "the blessed Queen Katharine to Katharine "Latimer," he has much to say. Of the last-named he says that she "was quieter than any of the young wives the king had had, and as she knew more of the world, she always got on pleasantly with the king, and had no caprices." A good picture of the manner in which Anne of Cleves acquiesced in her divorce is also given. The names, it may be said, in the original MS. are spelt phonetically as they would strike a Spanish ear. The book is an important contribution to historical knowledge. Biographical Catalogue of the Portraits at Weston, the A Catalogue of the Printed Books and Manuscripts in the Library of the Cathedral Church at Lichfield. (Sotheran & Co.) THANKS to the bequests of Frances, Duchess of Somerset, ob. 1673, and others, the library of Lichfield Cathedral, though suffered severely during the Civil War, is still rich in Bibles, among which are a fine copy of Cranmer's folio Bible of 1540, Italian and French controversial works, &c. The finest MS. is that commonly called St. Chad's Gospels. It has also a folio MS. on vellum of Chaucer. A catalogue of the volumes, about 4,500 in all, is now issued. Practical Heraldry. By Charles Worthy. (Redway.) THIS is a useful and compendious guide to the fascinating study of heraldry. It is orderly and lucid, and is amply illustrated from designs by the author. In this respect it takes a good position among works of its class. A special feature that will commend it to general circulation consists in the hints to pedigree hunters which are appended. In the account it affords of the Heralds' College, the manner and cost of applications, and in many similar respects, it justifies its claim to be a practical treatise. The Folk-lore Journal, 1888. (Stock.) THE contents of the Journal during the past year have been quite as varied and interesting as usual. Miss Dempster's 'Folk - lore of Sutherlandshire' contains many references to kelpies and other water sprites and to animals and chimeras, some of a decidedly malignant character. Her tale of Farquhar and the physician would have gained in interest if she had noted that it occurs in vol. ii. of the Popular Tales of the West Highlands,' collected by J. F. Campbell of Islay, from which source it happens to be quoted by Mr. J. G. Frazer in vol. i. of the Archaeological Review, in his interesting paper on The Language of Animals.' Mr. Frazer himself contributes to the Folk-lore Journal some folk-lore at Balquhidder, in relation to which he uses the unnecessarily strong expression "worship" for the well-known custom of crying the neck, largely illustrated in more than one series of N. & Q.' We fancy the English reapers to whom Mr. Frazer alludes would be vastly surprised at being told that they "worshipped' the last sheaf of corn at harvest-time. Mr. W. E. Maxwell's Rajah Donan, a Malay Fairy Tale,' from the Journal of the Straits branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw's Lame Fox,' a Servian "noodle" story, are good stories, as well as good examples of their respective types. Some of the minor points noticed in the Journal as if they were new-such as selling by the inch of candle-are, of course, not by any means new, nor unknown to our own pages, which are not so often consulted as they should be by the discoverers of local customs. THE Quarterly Review for January opens with a picture of Lord Beaconsfield's early days, from a consideration of which the reviewer argues that his life was singularly consistent, all appearances to the contrary notwithstanding. The article on the Institutions and Private Life of Venice' takes us into a past full of striking features, when the Queen of the Adriatic not only reigned, but governed. The story of Count Cavour's life is at once interesting and instructive to all students of the science of politics. Of party spirit Cavour did not think much more favourably than Sidney, Earl Godolphin, who would fain have carried on Queen Anne's government without it. There is much to be said for this view, but there is perhaps little use in saying it. THE Edinburgh Review for January carries us to that great Indian empire of ours which merchant adventurers founded, and towards which the eyes of Russian, French, and Chinese statesmen all turn as to the goal of varied aspirations. The questions raised by the Krakatoa eruption belong to the realm of pure science, but their discussion will interest many who may remember the wonderful sunsets which formed, as it were, the afterglow of those extraordinary phenomena. In Stratford Canning, the "Great Eltchi," we are presented with a man whose position was in many respects unique. Not less unique in his day was François Rabelais, nor can we be surprised that in endeavouring to appraise his character and his works the world of letters should still be much at variance. On one point, however, all are agreed, and that is the unanimous acceptance of the eminence in literature of the author of Pantagruel' and Gargantua.' THE number of Le Livre of Feb. 10 opens with a proposal from that indefatigable and brilliant bibliophile M. Octave Uzanne to found a new cosmopolitan Société d'Amateurs de Livres. We cannot expose in full the appetizing programme he puts forth, but as March 1 is the last day on which membership can be obtained, we advise instant reference to Le Livre. An interesting account of Eugène Renduel, the famous publisher of the romanticists, follows, and is itself succeeded by further extracts from the interesting correspondence of Le Prince de Ligne with Casanova. Part LXIII. of Mr. Hamilton's Parodies has many travesties of Mr. F. Locker and other writers. MR. JOHN SALKELD publishes his latest catalogue from new premises at 306, Clapham Road, immediately adjacent to the old. His catalogues are always interesting, and one or two books to be found in the present are almost unique. MR. W. P. W. PHILLIMORE, encouraged by the success of the "Index Library," proposes to open a special subscription of 10s. 6d. per annum for the publication of Gloucester and Bristol records, commencing with the wills at both cities and the marriage licences at Gloucester, a sheet of each to be printed quarterly. The Feet of with sufficient support. The publisher of the "Index Library," Mr. C. J. Clark, 4, Lincoln's Inn Fields, will receive names of intending subscribers, and in the interests of genealogy we hope his list may soon be Fines would next be taken in hand if the work met filled. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices : ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication “Duplicate.” DARK WINTER.-Salope, a sluttish, disorderly woman, is an impolite term, and, injuriously used, equals courtesan. It could not possibly have been employed by a female aristocrat, and so, moving the mirth of the mob, might have obtained the user's release. W. W., 96, Marina, St. Leonards, wishes to find a comic sketch entitled George Washington.' Please reply direct. F. ALEXANDER ("Should he upbraid ").-The words of this song are altered from Shakspeare's Taming of the Shrew,' II. i. MR. A. H. BROWNE is anxious to know in what periodical of about 1883 appeared an article on who was to be the successor of Lord Beaconsfield, which, from a phrase used in it, was at the time called Elijah's Mantle.' W. E. B. ("Dude ").-The latest American slang for "macaroni." B. W. P. ("Shelley's 'Adonais "" and "Riddle "”).— Anticipated. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 22, Took's Court, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. POPULAR NOVELS IN READING Every SATURDAY, of any Bookseller or News-agent. AT ALL THE LIBRARIES. Price THREEPENCE. THE ATHENÆUM JOURNAL OF ENGLISH and FOREIGN LITERATURE, SCIENCE, the FINE ARTS, MUSIC and the DRAMA. This Day's ATHENÆUM contains Articles on A SPANISH CHRONICLE of HENRY VIII. LIBRARY TABLE-LIST of NEW BOOKS. IDEALA: a Study from Life. Third KENSINGTON: PICTURESQUE and HISTORICAL. Edition this day. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 68. "Ideala is certainly one of the most original figures to be encountered in the whole range of contemporary fiction, but she is at the same time one of the most unmistakably true to life.”—Athenæum. MISS PRICE'S NEW NOVEL. RED TOWERS. By Eleanor C. Price, Author of 'Alexia,' &c. 3 vols. "The author of 'Alexia' has charm, ease, and lightness of manner, and her latest novel, 'Red Towers,' is more than well planned, well told, and well sustained. The truth is that, of its kind, 'Red Towers' could not easily have been better, and that its author deserves to rank with the best of our younger drawing-room novelists."-Athenæum. The ORIGIN of the HON. ARTILLERY COMPANY. The SARUM HORÆ. MR. VIGFUSSON. SALE. The HUGUENOTS. DOUAI COLLEGE and the BRIGHTON PAVILION. LITERARY GOSSIP. ALSO SCIENCE-The Literature of Engineering: Chemical Notes; Astro- The ATHENEUM for February 9 contains Articles on FAIRY TALES of the IRISH PEASANTRY. JESSOPP'S HISTORIC ESSAYS. FIFTY YEARS of a SHOWMAN'S LIFE. LIBRARY TABLE-LIST of NEW BOOKS. THAT UNFORTUNATE MARRIAGE. "A story that is pleasing to moral sentiment as well as lively in style, brisk in movement, and full of animation in the play of characters, with a spice of satirical humour."-Graphic. The SUMMONS of the BRITISH FLEET to CONSTANTINOPLE in 1853. AMERICAN PUBLISHERS. Containing 1,206 columns, upwards of 25,000 References, and numerous Plates. REVIEWS OF THE PRESS. "Very correct and truthworthy."-Standard. "A useful little work."-Athenæum. "A marvel of concise condensation, in which the utmost possible use has been made of abbreviations and signs. There are over twelve hundred pages and twenty-two plates. A great deal of thought and ingenuity has evidently been expended on this compact little volume. The print, though small, is not too small. Altogether, it forms the neatest, smallest, and most useful encyclopædia we have yet seen."-Spectator. "The Pocket Encyclopædia' is one of the most handy and complete volumes of its kind yet offered to the public. The Encyclopædia' contains just that class of information which is most frequently required; and this is put in the most concise and accurate manner possible."-Morning Post. "A marvellous amount of information has been crowded into the 600 pages of this book by the adoption of a complete system of signs and contractions, and the rigorous exclusion of every superfluous word. It is no hasty compilation, but a comprehensive work of reference of a very solid and useful character. The printing is clear and distinct, and as the volume can be readily carried in the pocket will prove a valuable travelling companion." Daily Chronicle. "A wonderful little Encyclopædia......a perfect marvel of condensation and arrangement. The author says he compiled it, in the first instance, for his own use, but there will be thousands of persons grateful that he has not kept it to himself. It is surprisingly varied in its contents, is most compact and handy in form, is beautifully clear in typography and illustrations, and is low in price. It is not enough to say that we know of nothing to surpass this miniature Encyclopædia—we know of nothing which approaches it."-Glasgow Herald. "The Pocket Encyclopædia' merits the highest commendation. It is a thoroughly useful and trustworthy work, and we shall be much surprised if it does not obtain an enormous sale. It is the handiest book of reference ever offered to the public."-Court Circular. "For handy reference The Pocket Encyclopædia' will be found extremely useful."-Scotsman. "This diminutive dictionary will provide the inquirer with brief answers to the innumerable questions arising amid the affairs of ordinary life. The printing and paper are all that can be desired, and the volume is as neat as it is useful, and we can warmly recommend it."-Public Opinion. "An entirely novel, and in its way extraordinary work. In the compass of a small volume, which, as its name implies, will go into the pocket with perfect ease, we have all the matter which is usually found in encyclopædias of considerable size. We are convinced that the 'Pocket Encyclopædia' will prove to be a boon to many who wish to carry about with them or to have at hand a guide which they can consult as to almost any fact about places, notable persons, historical events, science and art, or the hundred other topics introduced in a well compiled encyclopædia."-Newcastle Journal, "A veritable multum in parvo. What Bellows's little Pocket Dictionary has done for the French Languagebeing a treasure of completeness and accuracy-this small book achieves very efficiently for general information on everything. Its store of facts is wonderfully graphic and extensive. Its information is well up to date. This new book is a welcome and cheap addition to the list of works of reference."-Leeds Mercury. The ENCYCLOPÆDIA will be sent post free on receipt of P.O. by the Publishers, Printed by JOHN C. FRANCIS, Atheneum Press, Took's-court, Cursitor-street, Chancery-lane, E.C.; and Published by the said |