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London: GEORGE BELL & SONS, York-street, Covent-garden.

LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1889.

CONTENTS.-N° 165.

NOTES:-Robert Allott, 141-Pluralization, 142-Ryves:
Vaughan, 143-Wren or Willow-wren- Roman de la Rose,
144-History of Navigation—“"Macbeth" on the Stage,' 145
St. Germain-en-Laye - Errors of Translation - Largest

make. It is probable, to say the least, that the "Doctor of Physicke" mentioned in the first deed is the same person as the fellow of St. John's. That college was always a favourite house with Yorkshiremen-witness Roger Ascham and others

and I take it that our editor was the very person who, living at a distance from his manor of Crigglestone, gave the following power of attorney to his brother Edward :

Parish Church-Roker-Lion Baptized, 146. QUERIES:- Mrs. Gibbs- Encore - Coningsby_Family Épergne-Leighton Family-Milton's Sonnets-DugglebyJoseph Drury, 147-Alice Perrers or Ferrers-"Despotism tempered by epigrams"-Twopenny Bank-note - Stage Coaches-Drill-Angell Estate Greenberry-Whitepot Armorial Bearings on Altars-Clocked Stockings, 148— Coleridge's Epitaph on an Infant'-Russian Coins-East Sheen-Samuel Wesley-Authors Wanted, 149. REPLIES:-Seven Clerical Orders, 149-Cold Chisel- Brussels Gazette, 151-Springs in Anglesea" Bring" and "Take"-European Women among Savages-Pitshanger, Ealing, 152-Colt: Coltes-Veins in the Nose-Charles Dickens and 'Figaro in London'-Sir R. Norter-Jeanne de Castille-Spectre of the Brocken-Jerningham, 153-Family Records-Omniboats: Electrolier-Clasps-Younger's Company-Manual of Arms-Error regarding Mass-Castor, 154 -Church Steeples-A "Pray "-J. Forsyth-Lord Lisle's Assassination-Dr. Guillotin, 155-Cromwell Family. Marriage-Mother Ludlam's Cauldron-Count Lucanor'French Twenty-franc Piece-Burial of a Horse, 156-Stories concerning Cromwell - Mill's Logic'-Liquid Gas-"To leave the world better"-Wordsworth's Ode to the Cuckoo, 157-Capt. G. Farmer-Pounds - Cantlin Stones - Mer-Wilcocke Richard Evers George Hough Roberte Allott

cury, 158.

NOTES ON BOOKS:-Burgon's Lives of Twelve Good Men'
-Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects'
-Symons's 'The Floating Island in Derwentwater The
Archæological Review,' Vol. I.
Notices to Correspondents, &c.

Notes.

ROBERT ALLOTT, M.D., EDITOR OF

'ENGLAND'S PARNASSUS,' 1600.

Allott Doctor of Physicke doe by these presents consti"Knowe all men by these presents that I Roberte tute ordaine and in my place put my trusty & welbeloued Edward Allott of Criglestone in the county of Yorke yeoman brother of me the said Roberte and Richard Worrall of Chappelthorpe in the said county yeoman my true and lawfull attorneys for me and in my name to receiue & take livery seisin & possession of and in the mannor of Crigleston in the said county of Yorke with all the rightes members and appurtenances thereof And of all those free Customary rents yearely issueinge out of certaine lands messuages tenements & other hereditaments as well holden of the mannor afforesaid freely as by copie of courte roll of the said manor heretofore in the severall John Roger John Childe John Fletcher nuper incumb' tenures or occupacions of Ra Blacker William Wilbor cantar' beate Marie de Sandall John Fleeminge Richard

Ottewell Norton Stephen Boyne John Graue John Leake John Hargarth John Handisley Roberte Norton Roberte Swifte John Dighton John Heith & William Pell or some of them or of the assigne or assignes of them or some of them & now or late in the severall tenures or occupacions of Sr Roberte Swifte Kt Valentine Blacker Cotton Scoley Edward Collett George Blacker Reynold Nolle John Allot Edward Allott Thomas Norton Brice Norton Thomas Boyne Francis Norfolk Robert Blacker Samuel Feildinge Richard Oxley John Oxley Richard Johnson John Rooe John Leake Anthony Miller John Barber Thomas Awdesley Robert Wright In an article on Robert Allott, published in the Thomas Boyth & William Pollerd or of their assignee 'Dict. of National Biography,' Mr. Bullen says tomed And alsoe of and in all that chappell or cottage or assignes and of all the services thereof due and accusthat "no biographical facts have come down about and all that garden to the same adioyninge with thappur Allott." We are told that Brydges ('Restituta,' tenances scituate lying and beinge within the parrish of iii. 234) surmised that he was the Robert Allott Sandall Magna in the said county of Yorke comonly who held a fellowship at St. John's College, Cam- called by the name of Chappell in Chappelthorpe All bridge, in 1599, and that there was a publisher of parcell of the possessions of the free chappell of St Marwhich premises with thappurtenances were heretofore this name in the early part of the seventeenth cen-garet within the parish of Coninsbrough in the said tury. He was probably of the family of Allott, of Crigglestone and Bentley Grange, near Wakefield, of which Hunter gives pedigrees in his South Yorkshire,' ii. pp. 366 and 450. The Crigglestone family is further referred to by Hunter in the Yorkshire Arch. Journal, vol. v. The editor of such a famous miscellany of Elizabethan poetry deserves to have the few biographical facts which are known about him recorded, and I therefore submit the following copies of deeds, which, by the kindness of their owner,* I have been permitted to

* Mr. William Furness, of Whirlow Hall, near Sheffield. Mr. Furness thinks that the documents came into his family through the marriage of Philip Gill, of Lightwood, with Dorothy, daughter of Robert Allott, of Bentley (see pedigree in Hunter's Hallamshire'). Mr. Furness is descended from Isaac Biggin, of Norton, who, in 1731, married Mary Gill, of Lightwood.

county of York caled the Armitage And alsoe of and in
all & singuler messuages &c rents and services as well of
the free as of the customary tennants of the said mannor
all that late free chappell or Armitage of St Margaret affore-
courtes parquesites of courtes &c (excepte all that scite of
said and all the closes and lands to the said free chappell
appertaininge now or late in the tenure or occupacion of
John Copley deceased or of his assignes by the particuler
thereof mencioned to be of the yearely rent or value
of thirteene shillings & foure pence And excepte all that
the said county of Yorke to the comon pasture there
parcell of pasture lying in the vpper end of Farnley in
called Farneley More now or late in the tenure or occu-
pacion of
Wigglesworth or his assignes by the
particuler thereof mencioned to be of the yearely rente
or value of twenty pence And excepte all those parcelles
of arrable land contayninge by estimacion halfe a roode
and all those parcelles containing by estimacion three
roods) And all those foure swathes of land lying and
beinge in Crigleston afforesaid by the particuler thereof
mencioned to be of the yearely rent or value of two shil-

lings or of any parte or partes thereof in the name of the whole excepte before excepted Accordinge to the purport and effect of one indenture beareinge the date of these presents made between George French of Stainton in the said county of Yorke gent. of the one partie and me the said Roberte Allott of the other partie And to doe and execute all whatsoever is by lawe requisite for the takeinge & recuieing of perfecte livery & seisin ratifieinge & allowinge whatsover my said attorneyes or ether of them shall doe for the takeinge & reciueing of the said livery & seisin' to be as good & effectuall in the lawe as if I had bene there presente to take & reciue the same. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand & seale the tenth day of October in the first yeare of the raigne of our Soveraign lord Charles by the grace of god &c Annoque domini 1625."

[Seal wanting. Signed ALLOT.]

[Abstract.]

On June 24, 1648, Jennett Allott, of Batley, co. Yorke, widow, in consideration that John Allott, of Bentley aforesaid, her grandchild, had promised to pay her an annuity of 401. over and besides the sum of 10l. a year allowed by her to him for maintaining his eldest son and heir, granted a capital messuage called Bentley, and all lands, &c., then in occupation of the said John Allott, in the townships of Emley and Bretton, in the said county, to hold the same to him during her lifetime. Moreover she constituted Roger Andsley, of Batley, her son-in-law, clerk, her attorney to take and deliver seisin to the said John Allott. Signed JENNETT ALLOTT, her marke.

Doubtless many other biographical details could be ascertained concerning Robert Allott, and it is a little surprising that Mr. Bullen should give no reference to Hunter's 'South Yorkshire.' Sheffield.

PLURALIZATION.

S. O. ADDY.

I know not whether remark has ever been made of our English fondness for pluralizing. It seems to be something like a rule established and followed, however unconsciously, that wherever there be either a collective sense in a word or any sort of uncertainty as to its exact meaning, it will always be safest to make a plural of it; and this fondness for pluralizing has so greatly become a trick that it is constantly showing itself both in a purely senseless sigmation and in a duplication of the plural ending. As an example of this latter habit, all readers of Capt. Marryat will remember his favourite "tag" about "the Blue Postesses, where the young gentlemen leave their chestesses," &c. This was a joke. But I have myself heard the church of SS. Philip and James at Oxford called St. Philips's by educated men without any thought of an incorrect

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organ; but our popular speech sometimes credits a man with plenty of brains, sometimes denies to him any brains, sometimes charges him with blowThe Frenchman in this last ing his brains out. case more correctly "se brûle la cervelle." The Revelation of St. John is by almost all persons called Revelations. The priestly order we choose to call "orders"; and if it should be said that there are two steps herein, the order of deacon and of priest, the answer must be that we invariably talk of "deacon's orders." Garrick's well-known song has the refrain "Heart of oak are our ships." How many persons ever say it otherwise than "Hearts of oak"? Yet "heart of oak" is the choice timber of which the best ships were built; "hearts of oak" goes near to be nonsense." *Hamlet says of the man who is not passion's slave,

I will wear him

In my heart's core, even in my heart of heart; an emphatic phrase, and withal intelligible. But has not the phrase "heart of hearts" become proverbial? Even Keble, whose refined sense ought to have preserved him from it, says (Fourth Sunday in Advent) :

:

I. in my heart of hearts, would hear

What to her own she deigns to tell. Yet this phrase again goes near to be nonsense. So far as I see, it can only mean that I have a multitude of hearts, of which one is specially cherished by me. The word circumstance properly means the surrounding environment of a central fact or truth, the detail of a story, and so it was used up to a late period. Thus Milton, in 'Samson Agon.':

Tell us the sum, the circumstance defer. But who would now dare so to use the word? Nay, I greatly fear that if Milton had chanced to give his words another order, and to say "defer the circumstance," our modern editors or press readers would ere now have corrected him into "circumstances."+

Thus we do in a multitude of words by which we name particular arts and sciences. All but one are plural: ethics, politics, physics, metaphysics, morals, mechanics, optics, acoustics, &c. In the greater number of these cases the French, I believe, use the singular. Aristotle wrote of "politic," and he also wrote of "rhetoric." Why we have omitted to call the art and rules of speaking "rhetorics" I cannot think. This determination to use the plural

* Tennyson perhaps used the phrase with a variant sense in his sonnet on 'Buonaparte' (we did not call him Napoleon in 1833):

He thought to quell the stubborn hearts of oak. †The very thing has been done in one of South's sermons, published 1693. He wrote, "So apt is the mind, even of wise persons, to be surprised with the superficies or circumstance of things." In an edition of 1739, probably followed by all later ones, the word is made "circumstances."

has not always prevailed. Bacon, at least (Advt. of Learning'), speaks of "physic" and "metaphysic," and this latter word is, or until lately was, used in Scotland. But can there be any cause for this preference of the plural in all such words? Can it be that the English mind is unwilling to grasp, or finds a difficulty of grasping, the idea of a settled habit, system, series, institution of things, apart from the individual facts, operations, energies, rules, &c., of which such an idea is the total? This I have observed-and I take it to be due to the same attitude of mind-that uneducated people most commonly say, "By the mercies (by the blessings) of God I hope to be or do better"; they say (indeed we all say), "I am in hopes"; they say, "Lead us not into temptations"; and, quite to the same effect, they say (commonly, I believe-certainly I have myself heard it), "Deliver us from all evil"that is, they do not grasp the idea of a common, all-pervading evil; "all evil" is the whole multitude of evil things.

66

certain that I have heard it); "The oceans of Thy love"; "Be my last thoughts, how sweet to rest," &c. (the last two in Keble's 'Evening Hymn ’).

So common a trick of speech was quite certain not to escape the observation of Dickens. Here is one excellent example: "In the bays of Biscay, O, roared Captain Bunsby"; and I have met with several others.

Perhaps it may be thought that the trick here spoken of could be paralleled by examples on the other side, of the s omitted where it has a proper place; but I do not think this can be done. Two well-known examples there are, pea and shay, factitious singulars of pease and chaise, supposed to be plural; and I have heard pulse taken as a plural, "Her pulse are very weak," but I can recall no other cases. C. B. MOUNT.

P.S.-In the Daily Telegraph of February 9 there is an article on Madame Tussaud's Exhibition, from which I take the sentence following: naissance as an aid to anatomical science." This "Ceroplastics was revived in the Italy of the Redisposition to regard such words as after all singulars is not uncommon. I have seen "politics" so used more than once, though, regardless of Captain Cuttle, I have not made a note of. Very awkward it looks.

SIR WILLIAM RYVES: VAUGHAN.-I have come across some conflicting accounts of the family of Sir William Ryves, Attorney General for Ireland 1619, afterwards Justice of the King's Bench, who died 1647.

Beside, besides; toward, towards.—In these Skeat explains the final s as a genitive suffix used adverbially. There can be little doubt that the prevalent modern use of the sigmated form is an instance of the same trick. I have examined a number of cases where either of these words occurs in one or other form in the Bishops' Bible (1573) and the Authorized Version. I find that the modern printing of the Authorized Version (followed by the Revised Version) adopts a uniform "toward," and uniformly gives "beside" where the use is prepositional, besides where adverbial. But this rule was by no means observed in the printing of 1611 (I have used the modern In "Black Jack's" famous Blennerhassett pediOxford facsimile edition). This, I find, has "be-gree he is said to have married "Dorothy Bingley, side" in eleven cases, "besides" in ten, of twenty- of Rathsillagh," and by her had two sons, William one examined. Of these the Bishops' Bible has and Charles. "besides" in six cases, "beside" in eight (in the other seven of the twenty-one the word does not appear). Thus it would seem that in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century the use of the two forms was about evenly balanced. There can be little doubt that our modern popular usage would almost always say "besides." Of toward, towards I find that out of thirty cases examined the Bishops' Bible has "toward" in twenty-six, "towards" only in four. The Authorized Version exactly divides them, hereby showing an increased propensity for the sigmated form.

Two or three more instances of useless or senseless sigmation I may set down, all repeatedly observed in the course of our Church service :-"We are His people and the sheep of His pastures"; "The oath which He sware to our forefathers Abraham"; "God the Fathers Almighty" (I am

One apparent exception I note (Jud. vi. 37): "If it be dry on all the earth beside." According to the rule, this should be "besides"; but I suppose it is taken as expressing a literal meaning, all round, "on every side."

The Irish Builder of May 15 says he married first the daughter of Latham, of Latham Hall, Lancashire, and secondly Dorothy, daughter of John Waldron. It goes on to give particulars of four sons and four daughters by first wife. Of the daughters (1) - married Sir John Stanley; (2) Elizabeth married Sir Arthur Leigh; (3) married Edward Berkeley; (4) The Irish Builder states that Sir William purchased the estate of Rathsallagh, in the co. Wicklow, which is no doubt identical with Rathsillagh in "Black Jack's" account.

unmarried.

As regards his first wife, both "Black Jack" and the Irish Builder are wrong. Sir William really married a Miss Jackman, as appears by the entry of her death on November 8, 1624, in 5 Funeral Entries, Ulster Office, where her family arms are impaled with those of Ryves.

I found a bill in Chancery, filed August 28, 1656, by John Farrer, Esq., of Dublin, and Dame Dorothy, his wife, "relict and sole executrix of Sir William Ryves, deceased," against William and

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