named from its producing salivation and the other Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Sea, a mountainous country, in the recesses of which the ophthoi, or monks of paganism, the Christian recluses of St. Anthony and St. Paul, and the Roman convicts who were condemned to the marble quarries, existed century after century. Meanwhile, during fifteen hundred years much of the trade between Europe and the East traversed the passes to and from Coptos and the seas on the north and east. But the crowning interest of this region exists in the ancient and, for more than seventeen hundred years, deserted quarries, where countless slaves, byses and Darius wrote their names upon the cliff-like captives, and criminals were slain by labour before Camsides of the prodigious Hammamat excavation of sandstone which is still a wonder of the world. At Por Lives of Twelve Good Men. By John William Burgon, B.D., Dean of Chichester. 2 vols. (Murray.) As "a lover of good men," and one that would not willingly let the odour of their lives be lost to posterity, Dean Burgon has embalmed the memory of twelve worthies personally known to himself in these two inter-phyrites blocks lie so hard that a fragment will cut esting volumes. They come to us with pathetic associations, as having only left the hands of their pious author in his dying moments. He did not live to see their issue from the press; and, as if prescient of the fact, he closes his preface with the touching remark that a friend lately lost "sleeps-where I shall soon myself be sleeping-in Holywell cemetery." Dean Burgon defines his aim in this work as an attempt to show that biographies might with advantage be confined within narrower limits than they usually are, and at the same time exhibit their subjects in such a way that future generations may think that they had seen and known them. This aim he has fully succeeded in realizing. His lives are vivid portraits of the men as they lived and spoke and acted, their peculiarities of look and manner, of voice and gesture being presented, often with a good deal of dry humour, so that we almost seem to have enjoyed their personal acquaintance. The three which will probably interest the largest number of readers are the sketches of the venerable Dr. Routh, "the learned divine"-a very full one; Henry John Rose, to whom more than any other one man, Dr. Burgon thinks, is to be assigned the honour of having originated that great revival in the Church of England known as the Oxford Movement; and Samuel Wilberforce, the model bishop. The notice of Dr. Routh, as a survival into our own times of a generation long gone by, affords an opportunity for depicting the manners and customs of Oxford as it was in a digression which is exceedingly quaint and amusing. We have here the locus classicus (vol. i. p. 73) for the often-quoted story about the quintessential axiom which the aged President of Magdalen drew out of his lifelong literary experience, Always verify your references, sir." It was in response to a request of young Burgon that this invaluable precept was formulated. These records of nineteenth century saints, as edifying in matter as they are attractive in their manner, are worthy to stand on the same shelf with Izaak Walton's charming Lives' and the ecclesiastical biographies of Christopher Wordsworth; and Dean Burgon, sound and typical churchman as he was, would desire (we imagine) no better commendation for his book than that. ་ Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects. two hundred tons each, and shaped with exquisite glass. At Mons Claudianus lie many cylinders weighing granted to Epaphroditos, imperial freedman, A.D. 147. accuracy. Of the antique quarries the last lease was There has been no other lessee till Mr. Brindley set to work at this place. How he went by the route of Roman quarrying, vast slides for ponderous masses of stone to be commerce; how, often toiling amid remains of antique let down, and stations for guards and labourers, he discovered a prodigious quantity of the porphyry he was in search of, the reader must learn for himself. The energy. From him they may hear of the alabaster of the architect and geologist will profit by Mr. Brindley's ancients, and of their porphyry, granite, diorite, syenite (statuary and building materials of the Egyptians), sandstone (breaking up of which has supplied materials for the desert), limestone (which outlasts granite), and many conglomerates. He purposes to supply us with the veritable imperial porphyry (which the emperors absolutely monopolized) at the price of granite, and worked like that material. After this any Briton's son may be born in a porphyry chamber, as were the Porphyrogeniti of Byzantium, and our County Councils may try to make us pay for porphyry columns like Constantine's, which was one hundred feet high. This volume is further devoted to useful papers on the Recent Development of Vienna,' Masonry for Students,' an éloge on the late Mr. Beresford Hope, Viollet-le-Duc' (comprising a noble testimony to a wonderful man, who was worthy of the laudari a laudatis which has been his lot), Illuminants and Ventilation' (a highly practicable paper), The Temple of Jupiter Olympius (by Mr. F. E. Penrose), 'On Legal Decisions affecting Architects' (by Mr. F. M. White), Mogul Art in the India Museum, A Tour in Provence and Languedoc' (rich in intelligent notes and sketches), A Tour in Italy' (of which the same may be said), a capital Prize Essay on Church Planning,' and 'Sculpture in its relation to Architecture,' with an introduction by Mr. G. Aitchison. · The Floating Island in Derwentwater, its History and THIS little book gives an account of the circumstances Symons mentions a few taken from ancient and modern authors) is the fact of their occasional instead of permanent appearance. The earliest account of them which Mr. Symons has been able to discover is in 1773, by Hutchinson, author of the History of the County of Cumberland,' which was published in 1794. The view (now known to be erroneous) is there expressed that the island does not float, but simply appears above water when the level of the lake is low. Sir G. B. Airy (late Astronomer Royal) made some careful observations of it in the autumn of 1876, and thought it probable "that there is a depression of the lake bottom at the place where the floating island appears." It can hardly be doubted that the mass is caused to float by the formation of gases in its interstices, which render at times its specific gravity somewhat less than that of water; and this view has been well expressed by Dr. Alexander Knight, of Keswick. But more complete knowledge respecting the special conditions which lead to the formation of these gases in such a way as to produce the effect in question would be of great interest; and Mr. Symons has published this interesting little volume for the purpose of calling attention to the subject and eliciting further information with regard to it. The Archæological Review. Vol. I. (Nutt.) WE are now able to take a fair view of the work which Mr. G. L. Gomme and his fellow-labourers are seeking to accomplish, and we are glad to find that the new review bids fair to hold its own with good promise of usefulness in the field of scientific archæological research. We hope that everything will not be settled off-hand by a reference to totemism, or to exogamy and endogamy. Sir Henry Maine's warnings on this latter point, in his 'Early Law and Custom,' deserve more attention than they receive, as do also his warnings, in the same work, on the evidence alleged for customs among savage races. Mr. Gomme has himself been too confiding, we cannot but think, in accepting as an old Scottish custom an absurd story of a practice attributed in legend to a Celtic saint whom we do not recognize as St. "Cowie," though we are familiar with the district said to have been under his patronage. Prof. Kovalevsky gives some very interesting details both of Russian village communities and of the survival which he believes he has traced of Iranian culture among the peoples of the Caucasus. Some of the facts collected by the professor and by official friends of his in the Caucasus are certainly very striking, as evidences of an apparent survival of Zoroastrian practices and beliefs among nominally Christian races. A somewhat analogous case of the survival of their original Christian practices and beliefs among a nominally Mohammedan people might have been cited from Bosnia, where the Begs accepted Islam only to save their lands and their position. Mr. J. G. Frazer's paper on 'The Language of Animals' is full of interesting folk-tales, and opens a wide field for research. The various index lists in course of publication will form a useful addition to the archæologist's library. The Review, as a whole, seems likely to supply a want in our periodical literature, and its second volume promises to be quite as full of interest as the first. WE have received The Railway Diary and Official Directory for 1889, and two volumes of the "Novocastrian Series" from Mr. Walter Scott, Newcastle-onTyne. MR. W. RAE MACDONALD, F.F.A., has published a volume of great interest to mathematicians, in which he gives a translation of Napier's original description of the invention and construction of logarithms, which have 80 greatly abridged the labour of calculations of many kinds, but especially those required in astronomy, in which trigonometry is concerned. He also gives in it a complete bibliography of the various editions of Napier's works, with the names of the principal public libraries which possess copies. Messrs. Blackwood are the publishers. MESSRS. TRUBNER & Co. have published a second edition of The Bacon-Shakspere Question, answered by C. Stopes. The First Part of Henry IV. Edited by O. Elton. (Rivingtons.)—An admirable little edition of the play for educational purposes. 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