this word. Sheffield.

S. O. ADDY.

COACHING PRINTS.-I have recently picked up a series of coaching and sporting prints, mounted on a roller, and shall be glad if you or any of your readers can give me information respecting them. The seller said the artist was Halkyn, but I have no further evidence beyond the fact that they bear a great resemblance to his other productions. The imprint runs as follows: "London, published for the proprietor by S. & I. Fuller, Temple of Fancy, 34, Rathbone Place, 1822." C. P. PEAK.

JOSIAH BURCHELL.-Can any reader of N. & Q.' give me information respecting the parentage of Josiah Burchell, who for fifty years held the office of Secretary to the Admiralty and for forty years represented Sandwich in Parliament? One of his daughters married Admiral Sir Charles Hardy, Knt. Any information respecting his ancestors will be valued. J. FARLEY RUTTER. Mere, Wilts.

Replies.
TOOTH-BRUSHES.

(7th S. vi. 247, 292, 354.)

I have a very curious MS. collection of receipts, commenced circa 1623, and once in the possession of Elizabeth, Lady Morton, who presented it in 1679 "to her Deare Brother William Ffinch at Hun......in Lincolnshire." It contains several tooth-powders; but no mention whatever is made of brushes wherewith to apply them to the teeth. The following are samples :

"Dr. Myrons Dentryfris or powder for the teeth to keepe them whit:

"Burne a peece of Corke till it looke like a Coale, then take it out of the Fyre and it will fall to ashes wherewith rub your teeth."

"Sr Joslin Perceis-to make cleane the teeth where

soever they bee Black or foule :

"Dip a little Rag in Oyle of Sulphere and rub your

These "dentifrices" are to be applied with rag or with the finger to the teeth.

From A General Practise of Phisicke,' published by Thomas Adams, 1617, fol., I extract a receipt which proves very conclusively that the tooth-brush was not in common use at that date: "To make and to keepe the teeth cleane. "Take two drag. of Date stones, red Corall prepared three drag. Lupins, and the rootes of the yellow Flowerdeluce, of each three drag. beate all that is to be beaten and afterwards make a confection of it with clarified hony which must be so hard that you may make small

placents or trocisces of it; dry them in the shadow: when you will vse them, then dissolue one of them in wine or vineger, and wash the teeth therewith euery morning when thou has first rubbed them well with a cloth."

All this writer's directions for managing the teeth insist upon scrupulous cleanliness, which is to be attained by "washing," by "rubbing with a coarse cloth," and by rubbing them "last of all with a peece of Scarlet dipped in Hony." The final direction runs thus :—

"The teeth also are alwayes to be kept cleane and pure, and not to picke them with an iron, but with a toothpicker made of Lentiscus, which is the tree whereof teeth: remember also to wash the teeth after euery droppeth Mastick, which is much commended for the meale."

Many other seventeenth-century books might be quoted from, for the same purpose, down to Mistress Hannah Woolley, who told her pupils in 1682 that

them every morning with water and salt...... You may, if you ought to keep your teeth very clean by rubbing you please, try Mr. Turner's Dentrifrices, which are every where much cried up."

'The Toilet of Flora......for the Use of the Ladies,' London, 1784, gives a receipt for making

"A Coral Stick for the Teeth.

"Make a stiff Paste with Tooth Powder and a sufficient quantity of Mucilage of Gum Tragacanth: form with this Paste, little cylindrical Rollers, the thickness of a large goose-quill, and about three inches in length. Dry them in the shade. The method of using this stick is to tion as it wastes." rub it against the teeth which become cleaner in propor

preparation of certain roots that are used to clean Directions are also given in this work for the the teeth." Lucerne and liquorice roots are specified. They are to be boiled and cut into pieces of six inches long. Each end of the root is then "to be slit with a penknife into the form of a little brush," and they are to be slowly dried, to prevent their splitting.

"They are used in the following manner, One of the ends is moistened with a little water, dipped into the Tooth-Powder, and then rubbed against the teeth till they look white."

If stronger measures are needed (for the removal of tartar, for instance),

"take a large skewer, on the end of which is tied a piece of linen rag, dip the rag in the medicine and rub the teeth and gums with it."

It is possible that these prepared roots, slit "into the form of a little brush," may be the connecting link between the tooth-stick (the use of which seems to be general among savages) and the modern tooth-brush. ALFRED WALLIS.

In a manuscript volume of the private accounts of Francis Sitwell, of Renishaw, from August 20, 1728, to March 2, 1748, the following entries

occur:

1729, Sept. 6. "Disbursed at London [among many other items] a silver tooth-stick 8d."

1729, Oct. 9. "Disbursed at London [among various items] a tooth Brush 4d."

This entry is only ten years later than the entry I gave relating to tooth-powder at p. 292, and distinctly shows that tooth-brushes are not of recent introduction. In the same volume I find :

"Oct. 31. Gassein powder 2s." Whether this is tooth-powder is uncertain. On June 24 in the same year F. Sitwell pays 38. 6d. for "a Bottle for my teeth," which I cannot explain. ALBERT HARTSHORNE.

BIG BOOKS BIG BORES (7th S. vi. 206, 391). As an illustration of the REV. W. E. BUCKLEY's note on the origin of large-paper copies, I may perhaps be allowed to give particulars of two largepaper books in my collection :

1. "H Kain Aia0ŋŋ, Novum Testamentum GræcoLatinum, interprete Erasmo Roterodamo......Editio Nova, Lato Margine, Notis Philologico - Theologicis Annectendis Accommodatissima et Utilissima. vultu nondum hactenus visa...... Fo., Gissa Hassorum, Tali MDC. LXIX."

The text measures 63 in. by 4 in.; the paper measures 14 in. by 9 in. Many of these enormous margins have been utilized in the way intended.

2. "Les Tenures de Monsieur Littleton. London, Imprinted for the Companie of Stationers, 1612." The text measures 4 in. by 1 in.; the paper measures 87 in. by 63 in. A great many of the margins are covered with interesting early and late seventeenth-century explanatory notes.

Richmond, Surrey.

J. ELIOT HODGKIN.

Taking up by chance the first number of one of the first illustrated periodicals (the Saturday Magazine for July, 1832), the opening words of the introduction have just caught my eye. They may be worth recording as the voice of half a century

ago bearing on the notes of PROF. BUTLER and MR. WARD:

that A Great Book is a Great Evil.' He said this be"It was a favourite saying with a crabbed old Greek fore the grand invention of printing, when the making and reading of books, if not a great evil, was certainly a great trouble...... Now all these great books are very curious, many of them very useful, and some of them invaluable, yet they are very seldom opened by any man nowadays, except to be dusted, although their names are work, to the spirit of which they may perhaps be altofrom time to time to be found presiding over a modern gether opposed. This neglect is partly owing to the circumstance that these books can rarely be met with out of public libraries, where a man cannot sit down comfortably to read them; partly to their occasional perplexity of thought and uncouth manner of speech; and partly also to their size-to their being such very great books, which makes it a work of months (sometimes of years) to get quite through some of them. Nevertheless they were not without their effect on the world. Many of the important truths which they contain have been preserved and illustrated in later writings more portable in form and easy of digestion.”

R. W. HACKWOOD.

NAMES IN THE DE BANCO ROLL (7th S. vi. 327). -The following memoranda may afford some little aid towards unravelling the meaning of the words quoted.

Orsmythyburn. Or is the A.-S. word for ore, unwrought metal. Smyth, from smitan, originally signified any artificer who used the hammer: isen-smio, an ironsmith; ora-smið, a coppersmith, a coiner. "Hu nys this se smið, Marian sunu?" "Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary?" (Matt. vi. 3.) Orsmythyburn, then, means the brook beside the smithy."

Oseleye points to osle, or ousel, a blackbird. Osel-leye the field of the blackbird.

Tonsclugh, the cliff or cleft near the ton, or cluster of houses.

Kahirst or Keyhirst. Hirst is a wood or plantation; A.-S. cu, Scottish ky, a cow. Kahirst the cattle were driven. seems to indicate a small plantation into which

enclosed from the waste. Croke tak. A tak, or intake, was a plot of land Croke probably refers to its crooked shape.

Redistrother seems to imply a locality strewn or overgrown with reeds.

Cuphaughford. MR. PERCEVAL is probably correct in his explanation of this and of Shelyngley.

Belyley and Bellion seem to me to be corruptions from Belling or Billing, the name of an Anglian or Anglo-Saxon tribe who have commemorated themselves in place-names in many parts of England. J. A. PICTON.

Sandyknowe, Wavertree.

MR. PERCEVAL may find of service to his query, so far as anent "The Redistrother," a note of some searches of mine into the meaning of the word struther, used both by itself and as a compound in place-names. It is evidently a descriptive

John highte that on, and Alein highte that other, Of o toun were they born, that highte Strother. Canterbury Tales,' 11. 4011-2.

This town, the Reve goes on to say, was

Fer in the North, I cannot tellen where.

Neither could Tyrwhitt. I suspect it was in Northumberland or Durham, where, at any rate, a family bearing that surname was of great consequence in the fourteenth century. A writ relative to the former county in 1318 names "William atte Strober." In 1329" William del Strothir" was one of a Newcastle jury. In 1355" William de Strothre" was mayor of Newcastle, and "Henry del Strother" was sheriff of Northumberland in 1359. (See Bain's Calendar,' vol. iii. Nos. 613, 992, 1586, and vol. iv. No. 35.) There is a place on the border of Northumberland and Durham, seven or eight miles out of Newcastle and half as far from Ebchester, marked "Strother Hills" on a recent map by Bartholomew. Maybe the Reve's town of Strother is not far off. Let some Northumbrian say, and so solve a minor Chaucerian problem.

At Lochmaben, close by the Barras, or tiltingground, there is a swampy tract once known as the Struther (New Statistical Account of Dumfriesshire,' p. 393). A charter in 1486, recorded in Latin in the 'Register of the Great Seal' (vol. ii. No. 1650), refers to it as a marsh (marresia) commonly called "a strudire." In Stirling's Library here there is a seventeenth-century MS. volume of historical collections, now ascertained to be the work of Lord Fountainhall. Its contents embrace a "perfect inventar of pious donationes." This "perfect inventar" notes the foregoing charter, describing the subjects it conveys as ane aiker of Land w the marishe com'only called the Strudder." One day in September last, during a forty-mile walk from Glasgow to Leadhills, I passed a farm in Dalserf parish called the Struther, though an ancient inhabitant near thereby told me that the Struthers was the correct title. I went some little distance out of my way to take in the physical geography of the place. Behind the farmhouse lay, hemmed in by ridges, a longish, low-lying damp strip of land, no doubt the veritable original struther.

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66

Camden's Britannia' (Gibson, 1695, col. 928), in describing Fifeshire, mentions the place there named "Struthers (so called from the abundance of Reeds that grow there)."

Whether Camden's etymology be correct or not, it is beyond doubt that a struther is a marsh, and it is probable that the "Redistrother " means the "reedy struther." GEO. NEILSON.

POUNDS (7th S. vi. 408).-There is a pound at Sandford St. Martin, enclosed to prevent its becoming a nuisance. MR. VIDLER gives no credit to the enclosure Acts, which, by the abolition of the common field system, have helped to make the impounding of cattle almost a thing of the past, nor to the establishment of the rural police, who clear the roads of straying cattle by bringing the owners who leave them unguarded before the magistrates. Poundbreach is an offence by statute 6 & 7 Vict., c. 30. I think that disused pounds lapse to the lord of the manor, upon whom there was an obligation to supply them.

ED. MARSHALL.

There is a pound at Madresfield, near Malvern. It is made of posts and rails, not at all unlike the picture in 'Pickwick,' and has been repaired within the last twelve months. There used to be one near Rose Cottage at Newland, near Hull, but it was a brick enclosure, and has disappeared before railways and villas, I believe. W. C. B.

There is a pound in the Garston Old Road, Grassendale, near Liverpool, in which I have once or twice seen an unfortunate animal.

Liverpool.

J. F. MANSErgh.

Will MR. VIDLER be good enough to say why he ventures to attack a class of gentlemen who have not, on the whole, deserved ill of their country, by averring that it is due to the "greed of the landlords" that village pounds have been in many cases "swept away," as he poetically states? Such abuse is cheap. Would a pound, when no longer of service in its original function, revert to the manor in which it was situated, and where it only existed as a source of expense to the locality? If it would so revert, why should it not do so, being, as I suppose it was, dedicated of yore by the lord of the manor to a single public function, and not surrendered for any and every use? If its dedication was restricted, would not MR. VIDLER prefer to thank the lord and his forerunners for the use of the land during some centuries, or, at any rate, refrain from insulting a class? I take it that the land a pound occupies is generally part of the public highway, and belongs to the local authority having charge of that highway. In that case it is no business of the lord to maintain it.

0.

'LORD BATEMAN' (7th S. vi. 428, 478).E. F. S. will find the notes to the music of Lord MR. TROLLOPE, published not twenty-five years Bateman' in the square duodecimo mentioned by ago, but in 1851, by David Bogue, Fleet Street, and Mustapha Syried, Constantinople. Judging from the price now asked, I should say this edition is WM. GRAHAM F. PIGOTT. very scarce.

HAMPTON POYLE (7th S. v. 269, 349, 476; vi. 55).-Though having no wish to tread

upon the