Demy 8vo. pp. xi and 272, cloth, 7s. 6d. GILDS: their Origin, Constitution, Objects, and Later History. By the late CORNELIUS WALFORD, F.I.A. F.S.S. F.R.H.S., Barrister-at-Law. "This is the second edition of a valuable book. It is in every respect a great improvement on its predecessor." Notes and Queries, April 20. Small 4to. white cloth, 10s. 6d.-REDWAY'S ESOTERIC SERIES. The MAGICAL WRITINGS of THOMAS VAUGHAN. (EUGENIUS PHILALETHES.) A Verbatim Reprint of his First Four Treatises: Anthroposophia Theomagica, Anima Magica Abscondita, Magia Adamica, The True Coelum Terræ. With the Latin Passages Translated into English, and with a Biographical Preface and Essay on the Esoteric Literature of Western Christendom, by ARTHUR EDWARD WAITE. "No man, mystic or rational, can say that he is familiar with occult literature until he has made himself acquainted with the works of Thomas Vaughan. And since these works were exceedingly scarce, Mr. Waite has done well by lovers of the curious in reprinting some of the more notable of them."-Scots Observer, April 13. About 500 pp. demy 8vo. cloth, 158. The DEVELOPMENT of MARRIAGE and KINSHIP. By C. Staniland WAKE, Author of 'The Evolution of Morality,' &c. Contents:-Preface. Introduction: Sexual Morality. Chapter I. Primeval Man. II. Supposed Promiscuity. III. Primitive Law of Marriage. IV. Group Marriage. V. Polyandry. VI. Polygyny. VII. Monandry. VIII. The Rule of Descent. IX. Kinship through Females. X. Kinship through Males. XI. Marriage by Capture. XII. Monogamy. "Gives ample evidence that the author has made a thorough study of the subject in the light of the most recent researches, and has spared no pains in the collection of facts. His work is certainly a valuable contribution to the study of a very interesting and important subject."-Scotsman. In crown 8vo. cloth extra, 7s. 6d. PRACTICAL HERALDRY; or, the Epitome of English Armory. Showing How, and by Whom, Arms' may be Borne or Acquired; How Pedigrees may be Traced or Family Histories Ascertained. By CHARLES WORTHY, formerly of H.M.'s 82nd Regiment, and sometime Principal Assistant to the late Somerset Herald. With 124 Illustrations from Designs by the Author. "This is a useful and compendious guide to the fascinating study of heraldry. It is orderly and lucid, and is amply illustrated from designs by the author......A special feature that will commend it to general circulation consists in the hints to pedigree hunters which are appended. In the account it affords of the Heralds' College, the manner and cost of applications, and in many similar respects, it justifies its claim to be a practical treatise."-Notes and Queries. HART & CO. 22, Paternoster-row, E.C. ALLEN'S SILVER FITTINGS, £5 58. AND UPWARDS. ALLEN'S PORTMANTEAUS. BRAND & CO.'S 37, STRAND, LONDON. STRONG DRESS BASKETS, OVERLAND TRUNKS, GLADSTONE BAGS, &c. Illustrated Catalogues free. 10 per cent. PRIZE MEDALS FOR GENERAL EXCELLENCE Oug BEEF BOUILLO usu wha forn to c P have gues pres logy A most nutritious and invigorating beverage, m HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.-The changes of tempera- by the simple addition of boiling water, at a Carel ture and weather frequently upset persons who are most cautious of their health and most particular in their diets. These corrective, purifying, and gentle aperient Pills are the best remedy for all defective actions of the digestive organs; they augment the appetite, strengthen the stomach, correct biliousness, and carry off all that is noxious from the system. Holloway's Pills are composed of rare balsams, unmixed with baser matter, and on that account are peculiarly well adapted for the young, delicate, and aged. As this peerless medicine has gained fame in the past, so will it preserve it in the future by its renovating and invigorating qualities, and its incapacity 11, LITTLE STANHOPE-STREET, MAYFAIR, W of doing harm. CONTENTS.-N° 174. NOTES:-Vowel-Shortening in Place-Names, 321-J. Grahame-A. Young, 322-Anthony à Wood, 323- Scott's Antiquary'-" Dal tuo stellato soglio," 324-Portrait of Ignatius Sancho-Chasm-Clicker-Curious Mistake-Gay, 325-Clerical Explosives-Human Leather, 326. The A.-S. brom, broom, becomes brom, and then less antiquity than Dunton. The A.-S. dun, a down, becomes dun; hence We also have Dunton, Dunwich, Dunmow. Downton. In such cases we may expect DownQUERIES:-"Pakeha Maori "-J. Bright and N. & Q.-ton to be a later form-i. e., that the place is of St. John and Arundel-Historical Rings-The Monthly Magazine'-Circumbendibus -Work on the Great Revolution-C. Kingsfield-M. Lepell, Lady Hervey-Boswell's *Life of Johnson, 327-Supporters: Earl of Ross-J. and C. Wesley-Riggs-Heraldic - Silk - Charindarnley-R. B. Sheridan-Buscarlet Family, 328-The Queen's Masque' -Ringing the Great Bell of St. Paul's Anti-Sabbatarian Satire-Parliament of Bats-Ripon Spurriers' Guild, 329. REPLIES:-Douglas, 329-Note in Rogers's Italy,' 330- Video-St. Seine-Direction for Building Churches, 333- The A.-S. ful, foul, becomes ful; hence Fulbourne, in which the vowel was formerly long. It is spelt Fuulburne in a charter. The A.-S. gōs, goose, becomes gos; hence gosling, and Gosfield (Essex). The A.-S. hām, home, becomes ham; hence But there Hampstead, parallel to E. homestead. is also A.-S. hamm, gen. hammes, an enclosure, quite distinct from ham. So we cannot always be sure as to this prefix. The A.-S. haeth, a heath, becomes hath, pro "Arrant Scot," 335-Shakspeare's House-Cromwell and Carlisle Cathedral, 336- Becon's Reliques of Rome' Russia-Carols and Songs-Dessert in America-BafflesEnglish Canting Songs-Mrs. or Miss-East Sheen, 337-nounced as E. hath. Slightly altered, this occurs in Hadley and Hatfield, spelt in the charters with Notes on Epictetus-Wordsworth and Shelley-Lady Hillthe form for heath. Public Executions in Sussex-Almoran's Ring, 338. NOTES ON BOOKS :-Gardiner's 'History of the Great Civil Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes. VOWEL-SHORTENING IN ENGLISH PLACE-NAMES. In my 'Principles of English Etymology,' chap. xxv., I have given examples of vowel-shortening in the former syllable of dissyllabic words, and at p. 494 I instance Whit-by, Whit-church, from the adjective white. A few more examples may be interesting by way of making the principle clearer. The A.-S. ac, oak, with loss of accent, becomes ac, hence Ac-ton, Ack-land. I remember once being at Acle, in Norfolk, and remarking that it ought to be called Ack-ley, and not Aikl, as is now usual. I was at once informed that "that was just what the old people did call it." This piece of information may as well be put on record. It is fair to conclude that it meant oak-lea. Perhaps Benacre (Suffolk) means bean-acre. We But this is a have Benefield (Northampton). guess, and guesses are not at all advisable in the present disgracefully backward state of the etymo=logy of place-names. Most books on the subject are ludicrously wrong. A word like Blackmore presents great difficulty. I do not see how to decide whether it is from A.-Š. blac, bleak, or from A.-S. blæc, black. Let us wait for evidence. The A.-S. brād, broad, becomes brad; hence Bradford. The A.-S. mōr becomes mor; hence Morton and Morland and Westmorland. The A.-S. read, red, is now red; and the A.-S. hreod, a reed, also becomes red. In Red Hill we probably have the former. In Redbourne (Hants), the A.-S. form Hrēodburne shows that we have the latter. The A.-S. scep, a sheep, gives a form shep. In Shropshire sheep are called ships. Hence Shepton, Shipton, Shipley. The A.-S. stan, a stone, becomes stan; hence Stanton, Stanford, and perhaps Stamford. We also find Stainton and Stonton, where stain is the The A.-S. form of Sherborne is Scire-burne, Norse form, and ston is from M.E. stoon. from scire, pure, clear, Mod. E. sheer. The A.-S. straet becomes stræt, pronounced strat; hence Stratford. The Mercian form is strēt, which The A.-S. Stur, the river Stour, becomes stur; becomes stret; hence Stretton, Streatham. hence Sturminster. The A.-S. suth, south, becomes suth; hence Sutton (for suth-ton), Sudbury (for suth-bury), Sussex The word swain is of Norse origin. The A.-S. (for suth-sex), and Surrey (A.-S. Suthrige). form is swan. This, shortened to swan, appears in Swanswick, as Prof. Earle can tell us. The A.-S. swin, swine, becomes swin; hence The A.-S. for Tadley is Tadan-leah, i. e., ToadSwinden, Swinford, Swindon. field. We find the same vowel-shortening in the common tad-pole. The river Teme gave its name to Teem-bury, now spelt Tenbury-at least, so I have been told, and it seems quite reasonable. The A.-S. tun, town, becomes tun; hence Tunbridge, Tunstead. The A.-S. huuete, wheat, becomes hwat; hence Whatfield (Suffolk) and Wheathamstead. There is an A.-S. place-name Hwaete-dün, lit. wheatdown. This became Whatdon; then Whotton, by influence of wh on the vowel, and by assimilation; and it is now Wotton (in Surrey). This is an excellent example of the futility of guessing and of the exact operation of phonetic laws. The A.-S. huit, white, became hwit; hence Whitchurch, Whitfield (A.-S. hwitfeld), Whitcliff (near Ludlow). Boutree, elder tree. Skillet, a rattle, or bell, used by common criers. Cannach, a plant that grows in moorish and marshy places, with a leafless stalk and a silky white tuft at the top. Smiddy, smithy. Blawn, blown. Rowan tree, mountain ash. It is strange that in so very short a list Mr. Grahame did not think it worth while to arrange the words in alphabetical order. His definition of skep is different from what would be given here or in the neighbouring shires. In the northern parts of Lindsey skep signifies (1) a wooden measure of capacity, as a peck-skep, a strike-skep; (2) a wicker basket used in stables for carrying small quantities of horse corn or for removing dung; (3) a hive for bees. I do not understand what the poet means when he says that a skep is of "a size to hold a is reminded by this definition of the gentleman who, in describing a book to his son, said, “Well, my boy, I don't know how big it was. It might be somewhere about the size of a Testament." We must remember, on the other hand, that Modern English sometimes lengthens the A.-S. Vowel. In this case the place-name may keep the original short vowel. Such is the case with Cranbourne, Cranfield, Cranford, from A.-S. cran. The modern word is crane. Dalby is from A.-S. dæl, Mod. E. dale. Denton is from A.-S. denu, a valley, a dene, with long e in Rottingdean, Oving-nest"-nests are of very various capacities. One dean, though short in Tenterden. Compton is for Combe-town, from W, cum. The name Quinton illustrates the common English change from en to in. We also find Quendon, so that Quinton stands for Quenton. Quen is the A.-S. cwen, a queen, with loss of vowel-length and substitution of the Anglo-French qu for A.-S. cw. Of course many of these examples are old; but I have grouped them together so as to illustrate a principle. We shall have to accept principles to guide us if ever any advance is to be made. WALTER W. SKEAT. JAMES GRAHAME. James Grahame holds a minor place among Scottish verse writers. His 'Sabbath, with Sabbath Walks, and other Poems' is, I have understood, considered his best work. The sixth edition of this was published in 1808. The first edition of his 'Birds of Scotland, and other Poems' was issued in 1806. This little volume contains at the end a glossary which may be useful to your readers for more than one reason. I therefore send you a transcript, which I hope in due time may appear in N. & Q' The compiler evidently thought that these words were "unknown or little known on the south side of the Tweed." This fact is of itself interesting. It is also useful to students of dialect to have certain carefully considered definitions which were made more than eighty years ago : Bield, shelter, a small rudely formed bower, or hut. Skep, a basket of coiled straw or rushes of a size to hold a nest; also a bee-hive. Quern, the hollow stone of a hand-mill. Cleugh, the cleft of a hill, a recess. Blae, a deep purplish blue. Soughing, producing a sound like the wind through trees or a wand moved quickly through the air. Shaw, a small copsewood. Hearisome, cheerful, The interpretation of quern seems to indicate that hand-mills were in use in Scotland when these notes were written. Skellet, or skillet, means in Lincolnshire a saucepan. I never heard it employed to indicate a rattle or bell. EDWARD PEACOCK. Bottesford Manor, Brigg. ANTHONY YOUNG, MUSICIAN. (See 2nd S. vii. 63; x. 301; 3rd S. iv. 327, 417; v. 267.) From time to time I receive applications for information respecting this once popular performer and composer, erroneously supposed to have been organist of All Hallows Barking at the end of the seventeenth century, and, on very insufficient evidence, the composer of the music to 'God save the Queen.' In certain privately-printed notes on the family of Sir Peter Young, "preceptor to James I. of England and one of the Commissioners to negotiate a marriage with the Princess Anne of Denmark," I find : "The great Rebellion of 1649 so ruined this family that Anthony Young became the Organist of All Hallows, Barking, London, and of St. Katherine Cree Church, King."" near the Tower, and the composer of God save the There is no evidence, however, for his having held post was held from 1713 to 1758 by his son, Charles the office of organist of All Hallows, although the Young, the father of Mrs. Arne and Mrs. Lampe. No mention is made of Anthony Young in Grove's 'Dict of Music and Musicians'; nor is his claim even given in Grove's article on this topic in to be the composer of God save the King' vol. i. of the 'Dictionary' (p. 605). Nor is the claim recognized in the 'Notes on the National Anthem 'in Chappell's 'Music of the Olden Time,' vol. ii. pp. 691-707; in the exhaustive papers on the same topic in vol. xix. of the Musical Times; nor in an article on the National Anthem by Canon Harford in the Antiquarian Magazine, vol. i. p. 229. It would be interesting to know upon what evidence the music of God Save the King' has been attributed to him. No doubt he was deservedly esteemed as a composer in his own day. The following songs are attributed to him. Copies of them all are in the British Museum Library, but for the most part without bearing any date or pub-go, without delay. His relations ventured to leave his lisher's name : "With arts oft practis'd and admired." Words by a Young Lady, set to music by Mr. Anthony Young. 1715 The Reproach': "Send back thy strayed eyes to me." A song. 1720? To the Agreeable Memory of Two Sisters who Lived and Died Together': "Sylvia, Delia, sweetest pair." 1720? "While at your feet I sighing lye." 1720? 'The Shy Shepherdess.' 1720? A new song by Mr. Anthony Young: Give me but a friend and a glass, boys, 1720? "Bright Teraminta crossed the grove." A cantata. The words by Mr. Carey, set to music by Mr. Anthony Young. 1725? A new Scotch song: "Belladyna's blythe and pretty." -This is published in a collection of Scotch songs printed by "J. Walsh, Servant to His Majesty, at the Harp and Hoboy in Catherine Street, Strand." The date of this volume is 1740, but the song was probably written long before. The same printer published in 1730 a volume of It is to be regretted that more is not known of this able and once popular musician. If Henry Carey wrote the words of 'God save the King' it is not improbable that Young wrote the music to them. But there is really no evidence for this; and, in spite of all that has been written on this topic, there is still a very prevalent opinion that both words and music were composed by Carey. J. MASKELL. ANTHONY A WOOD.-The following description of the last hours of the historian of Oxford has just been purchased by the Bodleian Library from Miss Clara Millard, of Teddington. It is from Arthur Charlett, the Master of University College, and is, I should assume, though that does not appear, addressed to Archbishop Tenison. Other correspondence of Charlett is among the Ballard MSS. in the Bodleian. Univ. Coll., Dec. 1, 95. May it please your Grace,-Having been Absent some days from this Place, I crave leave now, to give your Grace an Account of y Death of our Laborious Antiquary, Mr Antony a Wood: Having missed him, for several days, (more Particularly because he had left several Querys wth me, to answer, which I knew he very heare, that he lay a dying of a Total Suppression of impatiently desired) upon enquiry, I was surprised to Urine: Immediately I sent to see him, wh was y 224 Nov. His Relations sent me Word there were no Hopes of his recovery, being the 11th day, but that he apprehended no Danger, was very froward that they dared not me, to come to him, being the only person they could speak to him—that therefore they did very much beseech think on, that probably he would hearken to: I was very sensible of the Difficulty, but having been so long and Familiarly acquainted, I thought myself obliged to Doors unlockt, so I got up into his room, which he never let me see before: At first sight, Poor Man, he fell into a Fit of Trembling, and disorder of Mind, as great as possible; I spoke all y Comfortable Words to him, and complained that he would not send for me-after he had composed himselfe, I then began to be plain wth him; He was very unwilling to believe any thing of it, insisting that he was very well and would come to see me at night: I was forced to debate y Point wth him, till at last, upon mentioning a Parallel Case of a Common Acquaintance, wth whom I was conversant every day, He yeilded, and sayd Ye Lds Will must be done: What would you have me do? I desired him to loose not a minute, in vain Complaints and Remonstrances, but proceed directly to settle his Papers that were so numerous and confused- He then askt, Who he could trust? I advised him to Mr Tanner of All Souls, for whose Fidelity I could be responsible. His answer was, he thought so too, and that he would in this and all ye other particulars follow my advice, promising me immediately to set about his Will and prepare for y sacrament ye next day (he having otherwise resolved to recreate on Christmas day): I was extremely glad to find him in so good a Temper, and having discourst him about several Things, I told him I never expected to see him again and therefore took my last Farewell, telling him I should heare Constantly by Mr Tanner. After I came home I repeted all that I had sayd, in a long letter to Him, being somewhat jealous of Him, and sent it by Mr Tanner. He kept his word punctually, and immediately sent to a very good man, his Confident, to pray with him, appointing his Fours, receaved ye Sacrament the next Studdy wh his two Freinds Mr Bille & Mr Tanner, to morning very devoutly, made his will, went into his sort that vast multitude of papers, notes, letters, about two bushells full, he ordered for ye Fire, to be lighted, as He was expiring, wh was accordingly done, he expressing both his knowledge & approbation of what was done, by throwing out his Hands. He was a very strong lusty man Aged 65 years, he was 22 hours a dying, God Almighty spared him so long, that he had his senses entire, and full time, to settle all his concerns to his content, having writ y most minute Particular under his Hand, about his Funeral. He has gave his Books & Papers to ye University to be placed next his Freind S W. Dugdales MSS., wch are very valuable to any of his own Temper. His more private Papers he has ordered not to be opened these seaven years, and has placed them in ye Custody of Mr Bille (1) & Mr Tanner of whose care I am told, he makes me Overseer. The Continuation of his Athenæ Oxon in two Fol. woh he had carried on to ye 19th of October last, (De Merret & Dudley Loftus being the two last) he gave the day before he dyed, wh great Ceremony, to Mr Tanner for his sole use, without any restrictions. His behaviour was very well during his Illnesse, was very patient & quiet, especially towards the latter ́ end, gives it as his opinion that future ages will regard the Waverley Novels as the greatest achievement of English literature, after the dramas of Shakespeare and the poems of Milton. The more I read Scott, the more I feel that this judgment is, on the whole, correct. Without knowing who wrote this article, I have a suspicion that it is by 'N. & Q.''s good friend, Dr. Doran, who was, I believe, a devoted lover of Scott (see 'N. & Q.,' 5th S. ii. 2). May I suggest to your readers generally-that is, to those to whom the idea has never occurred, and who, like myself, are, with Milton's pensive student, blest with a large amount of "retired leisure"-that there are few pleasanter and more profitable ways of spending the said leisure than in reading the works of great authors on this principle of mutual "yepistolary correspondensh," as old Edie has it? Readers will, of course, select their authors according to taste, but I think Shakespeare, Molière, and Scott are especially suitable for reading of this kind. Let two book-loving friends who have not already tried it begin forthwith, and I think they will be grateful to me for the suggestion. Ropley, Alresford. JONATHAN Bouchier. SCOTT'S 'ANTIQUARY.'-I am at present reading the Waverley Novels with a distant friend on the principle of mutual criticism (by letter), We have just finished the 'Antiquary,' and I do not think I have ever been so much im pressed by the powerful delineation of the leading characters, especially Mr. Oldbuck and Edie Ochiltree, and by the vigour of the romance as a whole. We are both, however, struck by the somewhat morbid episode of Lord Glenallan's unfortunate marriage. Even had matters been as Lord Glenallan thought, this was no reason why he need have considered his entire life as blighted-" blotted out of the book of the living," as he expresses it-by an act which he did in ignorance. Nay, had he even committed it knowingly, he might in time have got "DAL TUO STELLATO SOGLIO."-These words over it. Cardinal Newman, I believe, says some- are familiar to us as occurring in a famous and where that a true penitent never forgives himself, popular Italian opera; but it is perhaps not so a view which Frederick William Robertson justly well known that the phrase comes from one of characterizes as utterly false. It is remarkable the Antiphons in the Little Office of the B.V.M., that Scott, who seems to have known Shakespeare" Assumpta est Maria in cœlum gaudent angeli, almost by heart, did not call to mind the opening laudantes benedicunt Dominum. Maria Virgo aslines of the fifth act of the 'Winter's Tale.' No sumpta est ad æthereum thalamum, in quo Rex one who has been kind enough to read my numer- regum stellato sedet solio." Another beautiful idea, ous notes on, and references to, Scott in 'N. & Q.' of course, is that of representing the B.V.M. (as could suppose for a moment that I could speak Mary glorified) with stars forming a radiant crown disrespectfully of one who has been like an around her head. A famous instance of this is a intellectual father to me all my life. I should Madonna circled with stars by Perugino. These consider myself guilty of something like literary Christian art-forms may or may not have been impiety were I to do such a thing. I merely copied from or influenced by pagan art, but the mention it as a singular circumstance that parallelism in this and other cases of the later Scott should for once, seemingly with approval, classic and of Christian art is remarkable. have allowed one of his characters to lapse into a Except in the Old Testament, the title "Queen of kind of morbid self-consciousness. It was, I fear, Heaven," Regina Cali, is first found in the writreally this that poor Lord Glenallan was suffering ings of St. Augustine's bête noire, the African from-self-consciousness which he himself mistook Neo-Platonist Apuleius, who applies it to Juno, for remorse. putting the words into the mouth of a suppliant, and the whole prayer is remarkable as showing both the strength and the weakness of the higher and mystical paganism. Poor old Elspeth's case is not quite the same as Lord Glenallan's. She was suffering from remorse for a deep wrong she had done which she could at any time have remedied, at least to a certain extent, by a confession of the truth to Lord Glenallan, which confession she had not the moral courage to make; but Lord Glenallan's marriage, even had it been as he thought, was irremediable. Amongst my Kenia I have a long article on Scott which I cut out of the Athenæum of 1871 (I have not noted the month), in which the writer As a far more learned man than myself, Mr. Symonds, of Magdalen College, Oxford, has pointed out in his admirable essay on Antinous, originally published in the Cornhill Magazine, the later paganism was essentially syncretist; and thus, for example, the originally ignoble Roman or Italian goddess of trade and barter (venum) was ultimately idealized, and identified in art and worship with |