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SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AND THE PLYMOUTH "The understanding suggests the materials of reasoning: The Reason decides upon them. The first can only say, This is, or ought to be so; the last says, It must be so."-Coleridge, Table Talk.’ on a conduit erected in the main thoroughfare, and named the street leading thence to the market Drake Street. Such an honour would not have been paid to the memory of a profit-seeking contractor. Contemporary writers supported the popular tradition, and garrulous age delighted to repeat it as I heard it in A.D. 1827 while gazing in childish wonder at the quaint old conduit. Drake's nephew included the gift among the hero's memorable deeds, "not for glorifying the man, but to set out the praise of his and our good God that guided him," and to "stir up" the reader by his example ('Drake Revived'; the dedication to the Queen was written by Sir Francis Drake himself). Mammon is the god that "stirs up" contractors, and Drake steered no freshwater course to wealth. Old Thomas Fuller wrote, "Lest his [Drake's] Soul should rust in peace, in spare hours he brought fresh water to Plymouth" (Holy State,' "The Good Sea Captain"). Fuller's informant was his parishioner, Henry Drake (nephew of Sir Bernard Drake), who had attended Sir Francis Drake's deathbed. Bishop Gibson, a conscientious historian, states, in his translation of Camden's 'Britannia,' that Drake "brought fresh water to Plymouth by his contrivance and at his own proper charge." The bishop knew aged Sir John Maynard, the famous serjeant-at-law, whose father, Alexander Maynard, Drake's cousin, was counsel for Plymouth in a suit touching her water rights, and Lady Maynard was living when Gibson published his work. Browne Willis distinctly corroborates Bishop Gibson. He is described as an antiquary scrupulous and painstaking enough to travel to the scene expressly to verify what he wrote. His wife (an Eliot of Port Eliot, St. Germans, near Plymouth) was a literary lady, connected by marriage with Drake through her near Proud as his countrymen were of Sir Francis ancestors, the Fitzes of Fitzford, with whose land Drake, he was idolized by the inhabitants of Ply- Drake stood enfeoffed at the time, and some of it mouth, especially for his munificent gift of water was required for the leat. Fitzford adjoins Crownto the town, and his memory was revered until, dale, Drake's birthplace, and part of Crowndale for a party purpose, an attempt was made in A.D. belonged to the Fitz family, whose property was 1881 to metamorphose him into a contractor paid under the trust of William Drake long before Sir by a Corporation too poor at its best to defray the Francis was born. Among other old writers who cost, and at that particular time too crippled finan- declared that perpetual honour and gratitude were cially to raise a loan. To correct the misleading due to Drake for his skill and generosity are (p. 138); Risdon (p. 203); Prince, tendency of certain lengthy articles that appeared Westcote in 1881 in the Journal of the Plymouth Institu-Worthies'; Cox, 'Mag. Brit.,' p. 506. The Rev. tion and the Transactions of the Devon Associa- Charles FitzGeffrey, in his metrical Life and tion, permit me to record in the columns of 'N. & Death of Sir Francis Drake,' published 1596, says Q.' a series of evidences to prove that the familiar of Drake's gift to Plymouthtradition, ever on the tongues of the people as household words, is both morally and absolutely unimpeachable-that Drake's lawyer managed the gift for him in the best, if not the only, way then practicable, and that no one but Drake (the Queen excepted) could have been the donor. Seventy-five years after Drake's death the grateful town, as a daily reminder of his generosity, placed his arms That if all Poets' pens concealed his name The water's glide should still record the same (verse 134); and that the town He purged and cleansed with a wholesome river. Had the Corporation done this through a contractor they, not he, would have had the credit. Charles FitzGeffrey was Rector of St. Dominic, a parish, like St. Germans, in the vicinity of Plymouth and Tavistock. The patron was an executor of Sir Francis Drake's will, Sir Anthony Rouse, whose sons, Richard and Francis, wrote verses in commendation of the rector's book. FitzGeffrey was a confidential friend of the family, and became bondsman for Sir Francis Rouse (marriage licence, Aug. 29, 1610, Rouse and Copplestone). Sir Anthony Rouse married the grandmother, and his eldest son, Robert Rouse, married the aunt of Lady Drake, wife of the second baronet. Our author must, therefore, have been well acquainted with the facts of the case, and all those writers, with several others omitted, were never contradicted before the nineteenth century. Any unbiassed reader must admit, on reference, that their eulogies are applicable to a donor and inapplic able to a contractor. But we naturally ask, Why should the Plymouth Corporation have contracted with a sea-captain to carry out their work if, as the said lengthy articles assert, they had their own paid engineer and adequate means? Why should they have waited five years for a necessary of life, that is from A.D. 1585, when the Water Act passed and Sir Francis Drake sailed unexpectedly for the West Indies, till A.D. 1590, when Drake, having returned (after the Cadiz action, the Armada, and the descent upon Portugal), had the "spare hours" to which Thomas Fuller alludes? The question admits of but one rational answer: the said articles teem throughout with inconsistences, misconstructions, and contradictions, as the reader may discover who takes pains to analyze them. They prove in one place that Plymouth was helplessly impecunious, or liquidating a small loan by annual instalments of 47., and they show that the Corporation's annual income for all purposes was under 300l., when one interest alone, injured by the leat, laid damages at 6,000l. Because, as some writers expressed it, Drake brought the water to Plymouth, capital was made by refining the distinction between "brought" and "gave," which may certainly convey the same idea as applied to succour, alms, or charitable acts. In point of fact, Drake, not the Corporation, brought the water to the high level conduit above mentioned, and there left it for the Corporation to distribute in their own way. At one time the inhabitants even objected to pay rates for Drake's gift, and the perplexed Corporation quibbled over the wording of the customary toast at their annual "Fyshing Feast," when the Mayor and Corporation formally visit the fountain-head to drink water "To the pious memory of Sir Francis Drake," then wine to the toast "May the descendants of him who gave [brought] us water never want wine." Surely a contractor had no pious memory to be so honoured, nor would the Mayor and Corporation have taken much interest in his descendants. Westcote* alludes to a "composition" made between Drake and the Corporation, which will be discussed in its place. Suffice it to remark here that, in the nature of things, some preliminary understanding between them must have preceded the application for an Act of Parliament (27 Eliz. c. 20, A.D. 1585), which was obtained, be it observed, not for supplying Plymouth with fresh water, but for bringing in the river Meavy to scour Plymouth haven for the benefit of the navy-a national purpose, to which Plymouth was not called on separately to contribute one penny, any more than to the building of Plymouth breakwater or of the Eddystone lighthouse, which were similar national undertakings. But Drake was the heart and soul of the navy, and therein lay the pith of the matter. Serjeant Hele, who drew up the Act, was the private legal adviser of Drake and Hawkins, and, jointly with Christopher Harris, had acquired Buckland Abbey for Drake. Now Christopher Harris and Drake were like brothers; Edmund Tremayne called them his two sons (State Papers, Dom.'). Harris warehoused some of Drake's treasure at his seat, Radford, near Plymouth. He was lord of the manor which included part of Crowndale, Drake's birthplace. He and Henry Bromley, another of Drake's personal friends, were returned as burgesses for Plymouth especially to support the Water Act, and Plymouth despatched a paid messenger to London expressly to inform Drake and Hele that their nominees were elected (Plymouth Receiver's Accounts). Harris and William Strode (whose daughter became Lady Drake) assessed the moorland required for the leat, and were both executors of Sir Francis Drake's will. Harris represented Drake at the funeral of his godfather Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford; and to him, at "The streets [of Plymouth] are fairly paved and kept clean and sweet, much refreshed by the fresh stream running through it plenteously, to their great ease, pleasure, and profit, which was brought into the town by the skill and industrious labours of the ever to be remembered with due respect and honourable regard Sir Francis Drake, Knight, who, when it was a dry town, fetching their water and drying their clothes some miles thence, by composition made with the magistracy he brought in this fair stream of fresh water. The course circling through hills, dales, and waste boge, but with thereof from the head is seven miles, but by indenting and greatest labour and cost through a mighty rock generally supposed impossible to be pierced, at least thirty [we stop to note here that "labour" and "cost" were coupled together; as the labour is attributed above to Drake so should the cost be], but in this his undaunted through the unpassable Alps) had soon the victory, and spirit and bounty(!) (like another Hannibal making way finished it to the great and continual commodity of the town and his own commendation. But to leave a remembrance of this famous hero only for conveyance of water that alone but the whole kingdom) were an high ingrati(which hath so much ennobled his native soil, and not tude" (Westcote, 'View of Devonshire,' book v.). This author was born in 1567. 7th S, VII, MAY 11, '89.] NOTES AND QUERIES. the same time as to Drake, the Plymouth Corpora- tian writers, that is, mystical and figurative. This tion sent paid messengers to invite them to some is indisputable, as Dr. Taylor shows; but this is formal festivities in celebration of the first entrance not strictly theology: it is style; and the theology of the stream into the town (ibid.). The writer of only comes in with the application of particular the lengthy articles in question stated in respect to examples in support or illustration of questions of Devonport that its whole history was "brought truth or morals. Dr. Taylor maintains that a paswithin the compass merely of two lives, so few are sage of the Didache-ras de Tрodýτηs dedokithe links of human existence which occasionally μασμένος ἀληθινός, ποιῶν εἰς μυστήριον κοσμι serve to carry us back to what seems a remote κὸν ἐκκλησίας μὴ διδάσκων δὲ ποιεῖν ὅσα αὐτὸς period of the past ” (Worth, Hist. of Devonport, ποιεῖ, οὐ κριθήσεται ἐφ' ὑμῶν μετὰ γὰρ θεοῦ p. 100). Apropos, Plymouth Dock, or Devonport, ἔχει τὴν κρίσιν ὡσαύτως γὰρ ἐποιήσαν καὶ οἱ was founded in A.D. 1690, the leat was cut in A.D. apxaîo роpĥτaι-teaches that Christian pro1590, and we are now arrived at, say, A.D. 1890; phets had an abnormal privilege of doing things therefore, by simple arithmetic, it is competent mystically, as the Jewish prophets did; and he for numbers now living to have received the ac- does not limit this privilege to rites, actions of count of Plymouth leat from others whose grand-church routine, or an ordinary church rule, but and morals. Justin Martyr is Dr. Taylor's great fathers had actually worked upon it or were other- seemingly allows the privilege to cover even truth wise acquainted with all its circumstances.* authority and guide in a particular passage, of which I am bound to say that, if Justin taught as represented, the Christian Church must so far reBut, with all deference to Dr. Taylor, ject him, as it rejected Origen for a like extravagance. I cannot but think that he has, by a strange oversight, mistranslated Justin in the very place where he gets his general principle of interpretation in explanation of the Didache.' I must give the pasεἰς μυστήριον τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἤ, κ.τ.λ. (Dial., sage: τὶς δὲ ἐντολὴ καὶ πρᾶξις ὁμοίως εἴρητο ή c. xliv. 263A). This Dr. Taylor explains as meaning "that some things are said in the Old Testament to have been commanded or done with mystic reference to Christ"; but the saying quoted is plainly Justin's own opinion only, and not what is said in the Old Testament. | It is simply incredible that a poor population could themselves have incurred the-to themenormous expense of cutting a leat seven miles long as the crow flies, and estimated at nearer thirty in its windings through the valuable metalliferous lands of numerous lords, and lost all recollection of it and the consequent burden of additional rates extending over many years, or that they and contemporary writers would have conspired to deceive their posterity by concealing the fact in order to give Drake the credit. It is more than incredible, for reason rejects the idea, and the irrational, and reverse of incredible, we may morally accept as true when corroborated in divers ways, too numerous and independent for the doctrine of chances to account for. I will next explain So as to the Didache,' where there is some diffiwhy the popular tradition must be absolutely true, for everything associated with Sir Francis Drake is of public interest. His Plymouth leat was the pre-culty as to the exact translation, I think that what cursor of Sir Hugh Myddelton's New River, and probably of the Bedford Level constructed by Francis, fourth Earl of Bedford, the descendant of Drake's godfather, Francis, the second earl. (To be continued.) H. H. DRAKE. THE DIDACHE.'† Before me is a reprint of a paper which appeared in the Guardian several months ago. The theology is, in one aspect, like that of the earliest Chris *Lord Brougham related that he had conversed with a lady who had talked with an eye-witness of the execution of Charles I. (1649). This witness could have known thousands who were adults before the leat was cut. In the present writer's family there are still more remarkable instances of far-reaching into the past. Cf. St. James's Gazelle, Oct. 9, 1885, on 'Links of Recollection,' and Pall Mall Gazette, Feb. 21, 1885, on the same. An Essay on the Theology of the Didache, with the Greek Text, forming an Appendix to Two Lectures on the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. By C. Taylor, D.D., Master of St. John's College, Cambridge. is offered is trying: "And any approved true |