a berne of four rownes and an hoggisty thacched, and two pondes for fyssh in the Coluerhawe" (Close Roll, 16 Hen. VI.). East Ham.-John Starlyng, citizen and draper, son of John Starlyng, late of Esthamme, grants to Robert Seman and Joan his wife, five acres called Homefeld, in Esthamme, between the land of Sir Edmund Hungerford on the east, a tenement belonging to the Abbey of St. Mary of Stratford Langthorn on the north, a field called Langlonde on the south. Feldgate, Portilfeld; the way called Portewey; the garden anciently called Hykkesmytheshawe, west of Esthamme Street; Holpightell, west of Portewey (Close Roll, 30 Hen. VI.). Edsborough, co. Bucks.-St. Margaret's Wood, alias Kingeswood (Patent Roll, 19 Eliz., Part 7). Escrick, co. Ebor.-Lands belonging to the Lascelles family: Le Pauillion, Midledail, Estdail, Northflat and Suthflat, Rogerflat, Malkynhaggyng, Le Stygate, Pighgtinker, Lolliridding, Midelboiltwayt, Rughtwayt, Grenegail, Brakanthwayt, Gamelpyghel, Vnderknol, Knaresbergbflat, Ellergarth, Chapelflat, Braighend, Swynkers flat (Close Roll, 17 Edw. II.). bers at the end of the White Chamber, over the door of the wine cellar; two chambers called the Tayleryes, extending to Thomas de Ferrars' chamber; the chapel called the Oldechapel, with cloister; the house called the Culuerhous; the garden called the Tourhill, towards the west; the great southwest door called the Chapelesgate; the house called the Bailies Chamber; the gate called Bernerdesgates; the foss called the Popeler Dyche. Rent of 3s. from Bolton "super moras "; a house at Chorley; the advowson of St. John's Hospital, Lutterworth (Close Roll, 45 Edw. III.). Herting, co. Sussex.-Assignment of dower to Katherine, wife of Henry Husee, in the manor of Hertyng: all chambers next the door on the west, and outside the door, with the herbarium next to these chambers, towards the west, and two small granges adjoining the garden; all chambers next to the east door, and outside the door, but the parson's house shall remain to Henry, son of Henry Husee, though the door shall be common to both: the third part of two dovecotes, with the houses annexed; all "aisiamenta sua in piscerna Henrici pro officio coquinæ, piscernæ, et brac' inæ.' Henry shall, at his own cost, build houses proper for his offices, by the west door. Also the house between the large and small granges, called the Chafhous; the small house called the Carterestable; the Hyuehous next to the little dovecote, with a stable therein; the Pressourhous (to be repaired and maintained at the joint cost of Henry and Katherine); the place called Pundfold; the Southgardin, towards the west; one-third of Laurencesgardin, towards the south; Gounildesmele, Gardin Barry, and the garden at Wexe, on the west of the lane by the third part of the whole garden of Wexe: le Estgardyn, at Alayns; fields called Maydenesdene, Alaynesmed (Close Roll, 23 Edw. III., Part 2). King's Norton.-Fields: le Soule Preist Chamber, the Lady Preist Chamber, the Trynyte Preist Chamber, Julyans Image, Lady Pole (Patent Roll, 3 Edw. VI., Part 5). Frodesham, co. Cestr.-Lands called St. Mary, the Tynkers felde, the Curers felde, the lone feilde, Three foxefeild (Patent Roll, 3 Edw. VI., Part 6). Groby.-Assignment of dower to Isabel Ferrars of Groby [Isabel de Verdon, daughter of Elizabeth de Clare] in the manor-house, a cellar under the vault next to the cloister; the chamber over the cellar; the chamber between the cellar and the wall of the manor towards the west; the little chamber over the cloister to the west and south, next to the chapel; the chamber over the door of the hall, called Thomas de Ferrars's chamber; the chapel of the manor, next to the cloister; one chamber over the principal chamber of the Lord [Ferrars of Groby], to the west, with all places at the corners of the kitchen, between the manor [house] and its wall, towards the south and west; one-third of the garden called the Tourhull, towards the west, by the boundaries there made, and by the London.-Goldbetersacre, in the south part of old foss called la Slade; a grange called the Hey- Totnalfield; Bromfield lies on the highway from berum; a long house called the Berkar'; one whole Totnalcourt to the Hospital of St. Giles, in the house next to the private doors, called the Bail-west. Blemondesburyfeld belongs to the Prior of lyfeshous; the whole dovecote next to it, and one- the Charterhouse, and is on the south; and his third of a garden called the Popelere, towards the field called Coweacre lies in the north parcel of east, with free ingress and egress by the great land next to Bromfield (Close Roll, 12 Hen. IV.). doors; one-third of a cultura called le Hawordes--A tenement called Gyssyngesplace, alias Peterswode; other culturas called Littelcrowacre, le Stokkyng, Littel Stokkyng, Mikel Stokkyng, le Loundyates, Countasbrigge, le Templedewe, &c. (Close Roll, 18 Edw. III., Part 1).-Assignment of dower to Margaret Ferrars of Groby, from Groby manor. The large chamber called the Whit Chamber, the cellar under it called the wyn celer, two chambers towards the north, two wardrobes; one chamber with a wardrobe, under the last-named, where Robert Bradenham usually lies; two cham feld, and nine acres of land in Oldeford, in the parish of Stebenhithe (Ibid., 7 Hen. V.).—Lands in the parish of St. Olave, Southwark, between the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem on the east, a field called Horshighdoune on the south, and the Thames on the north. A tenement called the Crowchehous, by Batailbrigge. Field called Dunlesfield, adjoining Horshigdoune (Ibid., 25 Hen. VI.). -Auntrous Gardyn, which belongs to William Latoner, citizen and tailor, in the parish of the blessed Mary de Stronde, and belonged to William Auntrous, is situated between the garden of the Abbot of Westminster, called the Couent Gardyn, on the north and west, the house called the Swan on the west, and the king's highway leading from the town of Seintgylys to Stronde Crosse on the east. It runs in length up to the tenement of the Dean and Chapter of the New College of the blessed Mary at Leicester, called the flourdlys (Ibid., 30 Hen. VI.).-Tenement called the Crovne, with six cottages adjacent, in the parish of St. Giles of the Lepers, and a croft to the north of them: another croft called Pyghtell, on the south-west of the land belonging to the hospital, the "Regia Strata" of St. Giles on the south; and the croft called the Gretemede, south of the Regia Strata, the land of the hospital on the west; and the King's highway leading from the town of St. Giles to Bosomysinne, belonging to Sir John Fortescu, on the east; the land of the said John Fortescu called le Elmefeld on the south (Ibid., 30 Hen. VI.). Melton, co. Kent.-Towmannermerssh; arable land called fferthyng (Close Roll, 23 Hen. VI.). Melton Mowbray. Cultura called Aungell Wonge, towards the Speney; the Speney broke; Saltgate alias Saltergate; field called Alurescrofte (Close Roll, 28 Hen. VI.). Newark, co. Notts. Pavement Stede; le Coningre Meade; le Coningre Wode (Patent Roll, 3 Edw. VI., Part 4). -- New Windsor.-Puckerdes Close; Shotes le litle (Patent Roll, 3 Edw. VI., Part 6). Southill (Sowthyell), co. Beds.-Le Brotherhood Meadow (Patent Roll, 19 Eliz., Part 7). Stebbing. Assignment of dower to Margaret Ferrars of Groby :-In Stebbynge manor, one large chamber at the end of the hall, towards the west, with the closet, chapel, and green herbarium at the end of the chapel; two small chambers, with wardrobe, at end of chapel; four chambers opposite the said large one, namely, "del gatehous hospicii versus le Park"; a tiled house called le Gerner and le Hennecote; le Larderhous; a grange called le Oteberne; a house extending from the Osthous to Scottes Shepene; the Eldeshepescote; two water mills; the third of the mill-pond and river; the Shepenegardyn, &c. (Close Roll, 45 Edw. III.). Thaxted.-Partition of the manor of Thaxstede between the four sisters of Giles de Badlesmere. (1) To Margery de Ros: All chambers over the outer door, with all chambers thereto annexed, over and under, "p' cam'is et g'nar' et p'va coquina" annexed; one small court-yard next to the kitchen, with a small piece of ground contiguous to it; with the door of the grange and of the said court-yard, with free entrance, &c. All the houses heretofore built; a new hall; a house between the inner door and the stable, next to the Countessegardyn; the Pressourhous; and also by the door to the head of the kitchen, with "aisiament' Curiæ" on the south of the hall, and by the south door to the chamber called Swynfordeschamber. (2) Maud Countess of Oxford: The principal hall, with the pantry and buttery; the chambers of the kitchen, "dressorum," and other small houses of the said hall, half of the "pistrina [?] and bracina"; the chamber called Swynfordeschaumber; a piece of ground called Ratonnesrowe. (3) Elizabeth, Countess of Northampton: The great chamber for her hall, with all chambers underneath; the little chapel thereto annexed, and the chambers under it; the Countessechamber with its small chambers: the place between the "aluras" towards the said great chamber and the quareleshalle; Wepyngsshot; Abrahambrigge, &c. (4) John Tibetot, son of Margaret: The house called the Quarellishale, with all chambers and small chambers thereto annexed; one small chamber at the western head of the chapel ; the chamber called Kniztchamber, next to the inner door, with its little chamber; Abrambregge, Richemundes weye, Alsithewell, Longeboxsted, &c. (Close Roll, 22 Edw. III., Part 1). Titchwell.—Assignment of dower to Maud, widow of Thomas Louel, from the manor of Tichewell. The great solar, with the pantry and buttery, and the wardrobe, the base chamber towards the west, the little herbary adjoining; the third part of the grange towards the west, the third part of the barkery towards the west; the entire house wherein the little tower is situated, with the third part of the garden towards the west, with free entrance and exit by the door thereto, and the draw-well. Lands: Edwarduscroft, Qloteland, Shortmaneslond, ffichekrendel, Smalwareslond, Choschemanescroft, Shortpurlong, Grimescroft, Binorthyetun, Lutesheuedlond, Swyneshowe, Ouerlambesheued, Bonettesteslond, Longegors, Vorouglond, Sikheuedlond, Med wehil, Neyerfoxholes, Odeleslond, Prattesaker, Hungerhill (Close Roll, 5 Edw. III., Part 2). HERMENTRUde. The Petition. Unto George Burnett, Esquire, Doctor of Laws, Advocate, Lyon King of Arms, the Petition of William Duguid Geddes, Esquire, Doctor of Laws, Principal of the University of Aberdeen, and the Senatus Academicus of the said University, Humbly sheweth: University and King's College of Aberdeen, and that That certain ensigns armorial were borne by the certain other ensigns armorial were borne by the Marischal College and University of Aberdeen, long prior to the passing of the Act, 1672, c. 21, but that neither ensigns that Act; armorial were matriculated in your lordship's public and University, Aberdeen, 1593; 3, Arms of register of all arms and bearings in Scotland in terms of William Elphinston, Bishop of Aberdeen, through That the said two Universities and Colleges of Aberdeen whose influence was obtained the Papal Bull foundwere, in terms of the Universities (Scotland) Act, 1858, ing the University in Old Aberdeen, and who united in one University, called the University of Aber- endowed within that University the College of the deen, the union bearing date from September 1st, 1860, Blessed Virgin, afterwards called King's College; and that it is at the same time enacted in the first clause 4, Part of the arms of the royal burgh of Aberdeen, of the said Act that the united University, as thus viz., Gules, three towers triple-towered, within reconstituted, "shall take rank among the Universities of Scotland as from the date of the erection of King's a double tressure flowered and counter-flowered College and University-viz., the year one thousand four argent (v. Armorial Ensigns of Aberdeen,' by the hundred ninety and four"; late Mr. John Cruickshank, recently published). That your petitioners, being the principal and professors of the said reorganized University are desirous to have the above-mentioned ensigns armorial in a united and appropriate form matriculated in your lordship's public register as the arms of the University of Aber deen. May it therefore please your lordship to grant your license and authority to your petitioners and to their successors to bear and use the ensigns armorial above indicated in such manner as may be agreeable to the laws of arms. And your petitioners will ever pray. Signed in name and by authority of the Senatus Academicus, at the University of Aberdeen, on 6th September, one thousand eight hundred eighty and eight years. WM. D. GEDDES, Principal, The Extract of Matriculation. William Duguid Geddes, Esquire, Doctor of Laws, Principal of the University of Aberdeen, and the Senatus Academicus of the said University, having by petition to the Lyon King of Arms of date the sixth day of September current represented, that certain ensigns armorial were borne......[ut supra]......and the said petitioners having prayed that the above-mentioned ensigns armorial of the said reorganised University might be matriculated in a united and appropriate form in the said public register as the arms of the University of Aberdeen, the Lyon King of Arms, by interlocutor of this date, granted warrant to the Lyon Clerk to matriculate in the name of the said principal and Senatus Academicus of the said University and their successors in office, the following ensigns armorial as the arms of the said University, viz.: Quarterly, 1, Azure, a bough pot or, charged with three salmon fishes in fret proper, and containing as many lilies of the garden, the dexter in bud, the centre full. blown, and the sinister half blown, also proper, flowered argent; issuant downwards from the middle chief amid rays of the sun a dexter hand holding an open book, likewise proper; 2, Argent, a chief paly of six or and gules; 3, Argent, a cheveron sable between three boars heads erased gules, armed of the field, and langued azure; 4, Gules, a tower triple-towered argent, masoned sable, windows and port of the last. In an escrol below the shield is placed this motto, "Initium Sapientiæ Timor Domini." Matriculated the twenty-sixth day of September, 1888. Extracted furth of the Public Register of all Arms and Bearings in Scotland. The arrangement of the two coats connected with the senior University and King's College on the dexter side of the shield, and of the two connected with the junior Marischal College and University on the sinister, suggests very happily the idea of impaling (as well as of quartering), conveying the notion of a conjugal union between the colleges. P. J. ANDERSON. New Spalding Club, Aberdeen. GUNDRADA DE WARREN. I have read with great interest Prof. Freeman's palinode in re Gundrada de Warren. Taking the case as it now stands, he logically decides that we have no evidence to rank this countess as a child of William I. or of Matilda his queen; she is simply the sister of Gherbod, Earl of Chester, and her paternity undefined. But this historian has not attempted to deal with the Lewes records as a factor in the case; he does not attempt to show how such a claim arose, nor does he treat it as a matter to be accounted for before a final settlement can be arrived at. We start with the authenticated tombstone in scription "Stirps Ducum." If it applies to the dukedom of Normandy, and we have no disproof thereof, it merely excludes her and her issue from any claim to the crown of England, as being born before the Conquest and without religious sanction. This applies also to Robert Curthose, who we know was excluded from the English succession, the Normans not being so particular. To follow up this clue I will recapitulate the evidence. seals of William and Matilda; of William Rufus, The earliest document, a Cluni charter, has the as count only; and of William de Warren and Gundrada, without any reference to her origin. A genuine Lewes charter describes her as "uxoris suæ Gundreda, filiæ meæ"; the last two words are an agreed later insertion, or this document, being signed by William the Conqueror, would have settled the matter definitely. But is it possible for local interests to invent such a fraud? Would this claim be set forth without some foundation? It may be said that her paternity was always in question, and the monks made the most of their opportunity; but why was her paternity ever in doubt? Mr. Freeman must not be allowed to "beg" this question entirely. Then we have a second Lewes charter-once thought a valid copy, now termed a fraud-of 1444 A. D. Here Gundrada is called daughter of Matilda, but not of William. I base my theory upon what is stated and what is left obscure; we have to reconcile contrarieties. To proceed. Another document has, "Matilda......mater Henrici regis et Gundreda Comtissa"; another runs, "Iste [i. e., Wm. de Warren]......a Willielmo rege......cujus filiam desponsavit." Then Ordericus calls Gundrada "Sororem Gherbodi," repeated by the Liber de Hyda. Much is made of the total silence of the unquestioned Cluni documents as to Gundrada's parentage; this is negative only-it might be prearranged, it might be servile-but the fact remains that Gundrada's parentage is still a subject of speculation. origin of aureoles or nimbi is given, i. e., that the Church borrowed them from pagan antiquity. Angelo Rocca, however, had maintained that the circular nimbus symbolized perfection ('Speculum Episcopale,' t. ii. p. 135), but Zazzera rightly concludes the pagan origin of the nimbus : Hujusmodi porro circulo, ethnicorum Augustorum statuas ornatas fuisse, ad eorum divinitatem significandam constat. Quâ de re legendus Ciampinus, Veterum Monumentorum,' par. i. cap. xiv. p. 111 et sqq.; qui Salmasium, quem sequitur Figrellius, De Statuis, cap. xxxii. merito coarguit propterea quod putaverit Christianos veteres similibus tegumentis in statuis picturisque ornare Deum, Angelos, Sanctosque consuevisse exemplo antiquarum statuarum, quibus opificum studio addebantur lunulæ seu patella supra capita ad avium sordes et ster cora removenda." But these pagan aureoles, besides this practical and We do not know the original facts, but in 1049 A.D. protective use, also symbolized deity. The idea, Pope Leo IX. and the Council of Rheims inter- doubtless (as in the legends of the infant Servius dicted the marriage of William and Matilda; we Tullius in Livy, and of Buddha, for which last call it forbidding the banns, but they may have vide Sénart, passim), was of rays issuing from the been already married, or, as has been known, lived head, as at once a product and an indication of as a betrothed couple. Anyhow, this interdict divinity. Lucian mentions a statue of a god or would operate under canon law to bastardize any hero "displaying rays," ȧkтívas depovтa. The issue. In 1059 Pope Nicholas II. grants a dis- late Rev. B. Webb states, in his 'Notes on Ecclesiopensation and confirms a marriage between William logy,' that he had seen a square nimbus, and someand Matilda that had already taken place. So I times apparently this nimbus was blue. I take it classify the issue of this harassed couple in seg-factor or benefactress; but I should like to ask for that the square nimbus indicated a living bene1. I suggest that, as a result of the Papal inter-information whether the colour or tincture of blue dict of 1049, William relinquished his bride, and in such cases had any special or symbolical meanthat, being enceinte, she was placed under the ing. I believe that on a bridge at Prague the nominal protection of Gherbod senior. This would statues of St. John Nepomuk and other saints make her daughter the foster-sister of Gherbod have stone or metal nimbi. junior. When William reclaimed her, it is supposed in 1053, we have successively the births of Robert Curthose and Richard, William Rufus being the first son born after the dispensation of ments: 1059. H. DE B. H. THE ROMAN'S CHANGE OF FRONT IN BLEAK HOUSE.'-Various curious discrepancies that are to be noticed in the novels of Charles Dickens between the text and the illustrations have occasionally been instanced in N. & Q.' I do 2. By this account Gundrada is in a very equi- not know whether any one has advanced the vocal position, and I venture to say nothing of Roman into the front rank of offenders, but, anyMatilda's other daughters. In conclusion I wish how, he deserves to be placed there. Readers of to emphasize the fact that Gundrada was a puta-Bleak House' will remember that on p. 158 they tive daughter of Gherbod senior, and that Matilda first reached William's arms as a pucella, and remained faithful to him. 13, Paternoster Row, E.C. A. HALL. THE NIMBUS OR AUREOLE.-Some remarks on this subject are to be found in the "SS. Ecclesiæ Rituum, Divinorumque Officiorum Explicatio. Romæ, MDCCLXXXIV." The author, Father Filippo Zazzera or rather editor, for the book itself is probably medieval-was a doctor in theology and master of the Papal chapel. He states (pp. 68-9, xlvii.) that mystically the circular glory signifies heaven, as it is written "nostra conversatio in cœlis est," or else that the saints, after Christ's "harrowing of hell," are now crowned, and thus reign in heaven. But later on the real historical were introduced to Mr. Tulkinghorn, as he sat in his chambers, meditating upon an application for a warrant against the disappointed suitor, Gridley. There is a painted ceiling to the room, and, "From the ceiling, foreshortened allegory in the person of one impossible Roman upside down, points with the arm of Samson (out of joint, and an odd one) obtrusively toward the window. Why should Mr. Tulkinghorn, for such no-reason, look out of window? Is the hand not always pointing there? So he does not look out of window." Had he done so, he would have seen Lady Dedlock disguised in the clothes of her lady's-maid. Any observer of Dickens's method would know at once that the Roman was not introduced in order to serve merely as "a bit of local colouring," and consequently would not be surprised to find that pertinacious person, on p. 413, taking an active interest in the interview between Sir Leicester Dedlock's family lawyer and her ladyship's French maid, Mademoiselle Hortense. But when, at p. 470, we have the painted ceiling brought bodily before our eyes, in illustration of a "new meaning in the Roman," we find that he has turned his back upon the window and is pointing exactly in the opposite direction, towards the fireplace. The artist naturally selected the fire-side, in preference to the window, as the position in which the old lawyer might be expected to sit in solitary enjoyment of his wine at ten o'clock at night; and he forgot, or ignored, the previous use that his author had made of the pointing Roman, in calling attention to the movements of Lady Dedlock in disguise, thereby leading the reader, by an obvious association of ideas, to connect her with the subsequent murder of the man whom, of all others, she had the greatest reason to fear and detest. ALFRED WALLIS. A A PRAY.-A few years ago I sent to N. & Q.' one or two brief lists of Surrey words current in the neighbourhood of the North Downs. Among these was the word "Pray," a substantive, which I spelt phonetically, having never seen it written. Pray" is a long foot-bridge-a couple of planks wide, with a rough handrail-stilted on posts, and crossing either a ford or a bit of meadowland that is apt to be flooded. I appealed to the learned for a derivation of the word, but the learned did not respond. The other day, however, the vicar of a Surrey parish in which there are several prays told me that two meadows on the parish map are thereon named respectively the Grand Prae and the Little Prae; and across one of these two meadows runs a foot-bridge such as I have described. It seems evident, therefore, that the word which I called "Pray" is really the French pré, and that the local name for a meadow, having ceased to be understanded of the people, has been given by them to the flood-bridge that crosses a meadow. But the question remains, How and why did the French word pré come to be used in Surrey instead of the English word mead or meadow? To which inquiry I have nothing to say, except favete linguis. A. J. M. Godefroy quotes from a MS. of the fifteenth century, the O.F. form Moriaine, meaning a Moor. This I take to represent Lat. Mauritanicus (or perhaps Mauritanius), the t being dropped, as usual, between two vowels in the middle of the word. We also find O.F. Moriant for "the land of the Moors"; which represents the Lat. Mauritania. Thus we see that Morian is simply another form of Mauritanian. WALTER W. SKEAT. "FAIRE UNE GAFFE.' "A gaffe' in its normal interpretation is a 'boathook,' and a learned critic offers an elaborate explanation to the effect that the common acceptation of the word is to be traced to an awkward attempt to fish something out of the water by means of this familiar instrument, However this may be, faire une gafje in modern Parisian slang may be best rendered as to put your foot in it." ". Daily Telegraph, May 7, 1888. This should be noted before the expression has had its day and passes out of mind. FRANK REDE FOWKE. 24, Victoria Grove, Chelsea. give you the following epitaph as existing in the Oh! weep not for me, friends, for I am a-going sewing. No! weep not for me, for though we must sever, I'm going to do nothing for ever and ever! Can we wonder that such was the poor girl's ideal of heaven? T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. Budleigh Salterton, MARSTON AND 'HISTRIOMASTIX.'-A good deal occupied by other work, when I wrote my note on Marston as the author of 'Jack Drum's Entertainment,' I omitted to say that I had been much gratified to find that not only had Simpson independently agreed with me in this (he mentions my name as to a point in it), but that he had also agreed with me that Marston was part author of 'Histriomastix." In his 'School of Shakespeare,' ii. 4, he first maintains that he was the author of the recensions in the play in the time of James, but then goes on to say that he must have worked on it before 1599, and shows this by the fact "as Dr. Br. Nicholson has shown me," that in Act III. of The Poetaster' Jonson puts into Clove's mouth a speech crammed with Marston's fustian words, in which he mentions the 'Histriomastix' by name." It might also have been mentioned that some of these fustian words and phrases occur in 'Histrio |