larity, but specific points of agreement and disagreement. COLLECT. ASSEMBLE. MUSTER. GATHER. TO COLLECT (Lat. colligere, part. collectus) is to gather from different places into one body or place. "Some ritualists say the collects are prayers made among the people collected or gathered together."-COMBER. To ASSEMBLE (O. Fr. assembler, L. Lat. assimilare, to bring together) differs from COLLECT in being applicable only to persons, and not to things. "Thither he assembled all his train." MILTON. The transitive use of the verb has become uncommon. It then means to cause to meet in the same place. To MUSTER (lit. to hold an inspecion of troops; Fr, monstre, monstrée ; Lat. monstrare, to show) is to bring by effort or by authority to a certain place or occasion. It differs from COLLECT and ASSEMBLE in being applicable to one as well as many, hence, metaphorically, "to muster courage,' and from ASSEMBLE also, in being applicable both to persons and things. "Prone on the lonely grave of the dear man She drops, whilst busy meddling memory GATHER (A. S. gaderian) has the senses of collect and assemble, and others of its own. As MUSTER implies the point to, so GATHER the source from, which the taking is; hence simply to gather a flower, which expresses no collection at all. "Not that fair field Of Enna, where Proserpin, gathering flowers, Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis Was gathered, which cost Ceres all that pain To seek her through the world." MILTON. The term, like COLLECT, is used in the sense of deduction or inference. "I gather," that is, I infer, "so and so from what you say." The expression of the English Liturgy, "When two or three are gathered together," has been censured as tautology; it is "Vain is the hope by colouring to display The bright effulgence of the noon-tide ray, Or paint the full-orbed ruler of the skies With pencils dipt in dull terrestrial dyes." MASON. DYE (A. S. deágian) denotes a purely artificial process, by which either the surface or the entire texture may be coloured; as, an ivory ball, which may be dyed red, or a silken fabric. "Weaving was the invention of the Egyptians, and dyeing wool of the Lydians." -HOLLAND, Pliny. TO TINGE (Lat. tingère) is applied to both natural and artificial processes, but implies a subordinate degree of colouring; as, a red colour may be tinged with blue, the maiden's cheek is tinged with red. "There is constantly a cheerful grey sky just sufficient to screen the sun, and to mitigate the violence of its perpendicular rays, without obscuring the air or tingeing the daylight with an unpleasant or melancholy hue."-ANSON's Voyages. TO STAIN, which is abbreviated from distain (Fr. desteindre, Lat. dis -tinguere, to decorate), is, properly, to colour with a heterogeneous colour, or to discolour, as "stain the pure white with accidental spots." From the application or involuntary contact of foreign colouring matter,or the idea of adornment in distinguere, the term stain has come to mean a certain kind of dyeing. In this way, as PAINT (Fr. peindre, Lat. pingere) denotes the covering of the surface with a pigment, so STAIN and DYE indicate the colouring of the substance itself; and STAIN is said chiefly of solids, as ivory, wood, glass; and DYE of fibrous substances and textile fabrics. STAIN is often used for the accidental marring of one colour by another. "See what reward the grateful senate yield COME. ARRIVE. TO COME (A.S. cuman) expresses no more than to reach up to some point, state, or condition. "If the good man of the house had known at what hour the thief would come, he would have watched."-Bible. TO ARRIVE (Fr. arriver, L. Lat. arrīpare, to come to shore, ad ripam) is to come to a given destination. Periods of time, tidings, and events, as well as moving persons or bodies, are said to arrive. "In the Epistles of St. Paul, St. Peter, and St. James, we find frequent mention of the coming of our Lord in terms which, like those of the text, may at first seem to imply an expectation in those writers of His speedy arrival."-HORSLEY. COMELY. GRACEFUL. ELEGANT. COMELY (A. S. cymlic) expresses more than becoming. A very cheap thing may,on account of colour, shape, and the like, be becoming; but COMELY denotes some degree of intrinsic value. COMELY is either applied directly to the personal appearance, as a comely face or figure; or to something closely connected with it by way of dress, of personal decoration, cumstance. But this latter is now or attendant cirwell-nigh obsolete. "A happier and more comely tune." SHAKESPEARE. Rather the difference between COMELY and BECOMING at present seems to be that comely qualifies only the person; becoming qualifies something which bears relation to the person. "A comely creature." GRACEFUL, on the other hand, is independent both of personal relationship and of intrinsic value. It denotes simply an elegance and charm (Lat. gratia) of outline or movement. The pendent flower, the statue of the Apollo Belvedere, the action of the accomplished orator, are graceful. "Gracefulness is an idea not very different from beauty. It consists in much the same things. Gracefulness is an idea beIcaging to posture and motion."-BURKE ELEGANT (Lat. elegans) denote acquired grace, or such grace as indicates the touch of artificial refinement. The peasant girl may be comely and graceful by nature, but not elegant, save so far as nature gives to some what it requires art to develop in others. It is only reflexively that we speak of "elegant furniture," or au "elegant classic." "The natural progress of the works of men is from rudeness to convenience, from convenience to elegance, and from elegance to nicety."-JOHNSON. COMMAND (Fr. commander) is the most general of these terms. It generally indicates a person of higher station. We speak of the Divine commands, and commandments of the Divine law. The noun commandment has now this restricted application. The command flows from one who is in permanent authority, jurisdiction, station, office. "How commandatory the apostolical authority was, is best discernible by the Apostle's mandates unto the churches upon several occasions, as to the Thessalonians, 'We command the brethren,' ""-BISHOP MORTON. ORDER (Fr. ordre, Lat. ordinem) comes from a person less removed in rank. The general gives commands, the inferior officers order. The master orders, not commands, his servant. In COMMAND there is more of power and dignity; in ORDER, more of specific energy or peremptoriness. A command may be held permanently, an order is given to be executed for the occasion. The command or commandment is more general than the order. He who governs, commands; he who causes another to carry into execution, orders. The general ommands the army and orders an assault. Orders are given in some cases where no power or authority of command exists, as when a physician orders a certain medicine to be taken by his patient. Force may order, superiority commands. To command may be latent, to order is active. A citadel commands a town, that is, could reduce or demolish it if necessary. A As command and order relate to specific acts, so INJUNCTION (Lat. injunctionem) relates rather to general conduct; as, an injunction of secrecy, an injunction to be careful. It has more of the moral and less of the official about it. So that, as CoмMAND and ORDER are for one's own sake, so INJUNCTION may be entirely *for the sake of the other, as the father enjoins his son to be diligent. "Though all duties expressly enjoined are by virtue of such injunction equally necessary, yet it follows not that they are in themselves equally excellent."-SOUTH. PRECEPT (Lat. præceptum) is commonly not addressed to individuals, but has a moral or didactic force, which flows not simply, or, perhaps, not at all, from the authority of the person, but from the inherent wisdom of the thing itself. A command, an order, or an injunction may be old or new upon the occasion; a precept refers always to that which is old and established, or at least meant to become so as a thing of lasting obligation. "Precepts are short-necessarily must be so-take up but little room, and for that reason do not always strike with the force or leave the impression which they ought to do."-PALEY. COMMERCIAL. MERCANTILE. COMMERCIAL (see COMMERCE) is the widest term, being sometimes made to embrace MERCANTILE (Lat. mercari, to traffic; mercem, merchandize). In that sense it extends to the whole theory and practice of commerce; as, a commercial speculation, a commercial education, a commercial people. MERCANTILE respects the actual transaction of business; and, as COMMERCIAL relates strictly to the exchange of commodities, so MERCANTILE relates to their sale when brought to market. "Every man thus lives by exchanging, or becomes in some measure a merchant, and the society itself grows to be what is properly a commercial society."-ADAM SMITH. "Such is the happiness, the hope of which seduced me from the duties and pleasures of a mercantile life."-JOHNSON. COMMIT. CONFIDE. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one's self to the care and custody of another. COMMIT is the widest term, and expresses no more than generally the delivery into another's charge; as, to commit a case to an attorney, or a felon to prison. It is used in the general sense of placing a thing in permanent juxtaposition, connexion, or relation to another; as, to commit words to memory or thoughts to paper. "The Lord Chancellor, upon petition or information, grants a commission to inquire into the party's state of mind, and if he be found non compos, he usually commits the care of his person, with a suitable allowance for his maintenance, to some friend, who is then called his committee."-BLACKSTONE. TO INTRUST is to put in trust, and denotes a higher degree of confidence; as, to intrust a child to the care of a friend, or the friend himself with the care of the child. Unlike COMMIT, it is applicable only to personal charge. "The joy of our Lord and Master, which they only are admitted to who are carefu to improve the talents they are intrusted withal."-WILKINS. To CONSIGN (Lat. consignare, to sign or seal) is a more formal act, implying abandonment at least of present responsibility, and a more complete merging in the keeping of another, or a more complete change of state; as, to consign goods into the hands of an agent; and, yet more strongly, though metaphorically, to consign a body to the grave. It is only objects, not duties or responsibilities as in the case of COMMIT, which are consigned. So we commit either individuals, or the care and manage. ment of them, to others, but we consign the individuals only. Atrides, parting for the Trojan war, Consigned the youthful consort to his care." POPE. TO CONFIDE (Lat. confidère) combines the transfer of responsibility implied in CONSIGN with the assurance implied in TRUST. In the phrase, "to confide a secret," the responsibility is COMMIT. PERPETRATE. As it relates to the doing of deeds, COMMIT is used only in an unfavourable and bad sense; as, to commit an error, a fault, or a crime. Good deeds are never committed. PERPETRATE (Lat. perpetrare, to achieve, in a good sense or in a bad sense) is in the same way restricted, but has only reference to grosser errors or crimes. So we might say, "I committed a slight mistake;" but the terms slight and mistake would be incompatible with PERPETRATE. The term is, however, used of lighter matters; as, to perpetrate a blunder, or a gross fault in manners, as we say when we wish sarcastically to exaggerate. "Lands and tenements commit no treason." DRYDEN. "What great advancement hast thou here- By being the instrument to perpetrate COMMON. ORDINARY. VULGAR. COMMON (Lat. communis), from its primary sense of general, frequent, has naturally come to signify that which is cheap from its frequent occurrence, and of no high or refined kind. The term expresses rather a negative idea than any positive defect or objectionableness. A commonlooking person is one who has nothing to distinguish him from the mass of people about him. The word often means no more than generality or frequency, as in the following: "The commonness and general long reception of a doctrine is not a sufficient argument of the truth of it."-SOUTH. As that is common in which many persons partake, so that is ORDINARY (Fr. ordinaire) which is apt to meet us in the common order or succession of things, as Hence it akes its character for praise an ordinary face." 66 or blame, according to the subject with "Nature bestowed upon Pythagoras a form and person more than ordinarily comely."-Observer. cular. VULGAR (Lat. vulgāris; vulgus, the common people), though it had not originally this decidedly unfavourable sense, as in the old phrase "vulgar," that is, common, "tongue," is always now employed with some tinge of depreciation, if not of actual dispraise. Vulgar reports are such as are circulated among people, and such as may be supposed to interest them in partiIn a stronger sense, vulgar indicates depravation of taste and manners. In its unfavourable sense, VULGAR is far stronger than COMMON or ORDINARY, because it means what is distinctively seen in common people. It belongs exclusively to the minds and manners of men; while COMMON and ORDINARY are applicable also to the course or nature of events. may say, generally, that which is ordinary has in it nothing distinguished; that which is common, nothing refined; that which is vulgar, nothing noble. We "Verses which a few years past were thought worthy the attention of children only, or of the lowest and rudest orders, are now admired for that artless simplicity which once obtained the name of coarseness and vulgarity."-KNOX. COMPANION. ASSOCIATE. COMRADE. COLLEAGUE. MATE. PARTNER. COMPANION (L. Lat. com-pānionem, from panis, bread, originally meaning a messmate: see BRACHET, s. v. compagne) is a term which may be applied to any person who keeps company with another for a longer or shorter time without such connexion being habi tual, or even of necessity an equality between the two. "All through my Lat. COMRADE (Fr. camarade, camera, a chamber) is used of companionship in certain of the lighter relations of society, dependent upon and subordinate to a common rule of life. So a comrade is an associate who is not so purely by personal choice. Playfellows at school, or soldiers of the same regiment are comrades. The comrade lives with us, the companion goes with us. The comrade is more intimate than the companion, who may be lightly joined and lightly left. "In the meantime the other two squadrons were calm spectators of the rout of their comrades."-ANSON'S Voyages. MATE (etym. doubtful; see WEDGWOOD) is to the graver relations of life what COMRADE is to the lighter, and denotes a common employment in which each takes a part. It is applicable to the relation between two persons, while comrade always implies a number. "I Will way me to some wither'd bough, and there My mate, that's never to be found again, Lament till I am lost." SHAKESPEARE. COLLEAGUE (Fr. collègue, Lat. collega) is one who is united with another in the tenure of an office, or the discharge of an official duty. "Being yet very young, says Plutarch, I was joined in commission with another in an embassy to the proconsul, and my colleague, falling sick, was forced to stay behind, so that the whole business was transacted by me alone."-DRYDEN. PARTNER is commonly one who takes part in a social community of interest, whether grave or gay; as, a partner in business, a partner in the dance, a partner for life. "Not having any certain knowledge of a future state of reward (though the wisest of them did indeed hope for it, and think it highly probable), they were forced, that they might be consistent with their own principles, to suppose the practice of virtue a sufficient reward to itself in all cases, and a full compensation for all the sufferings o the world."-CLARKE, REMUNERATION (Lat. rěmūnĕrātionem) is commonly taken in the specific sense of compensation for personal services done to the remunerator. |