to be tenacious of the right or the truth, or of what personally concerns themselves, as to be tenacious of one's reputation. PERTINACIOUS is always somewhat unfavourable. PERTINACITY is an excessive sticking to one's purpose. Persistence at the blameable or weak point becomes pertinacity.

Tenaciousness, even of a resolution taken for opposition's sake, serves either to good or to bad purposes; when to the former, it is called steadiness and bravery; when to the latter, perverseness and obstinacy."-SEARCH, Light of Nature.

"The tenacity of wax."-Ibid.

"For to be like God was the first temptation which robbed man of his innocence, and so pertinaciously was this urged upon these two apostles by the men of Lystra, that it is said that Paul and Barnabas could scarcely refrain them from doing sacrifice to them."-SOUTH.

We OFFER (see OFFER) absolutely or acceptance.

We TENDER (Fr. tendre, Lat. tendere, to stretch) when we offer contingently upon the pleasure of another to accept with satisfaction to himself; as, to tender something in satisfaction of a debt. There is more of formality in tendering; more of voluntariness in offering. We offer in the first instance. We commonly tender in return. So we are said to tender (not to offer) or to return thanks.

"His tendering upon so fair and easy terms an endless life in perfect joy and bliss, his furnishing us with so plentiful means and powerful aids for attaining that happy state-how pregnant demonstrations are these of unspeakable goodness towards us."-BARROW.

That which is offered to me I may decline or accept as I please; that which is tendered if it be just, adequate, suitable, I am under an obligation to accept.

TERRITORY. DOMINION.

Both terms indicate extensive tracts of country; but DOMINION (see DoMINION) points to the sovereignty over the land, TERRITORY (Lat. terriorium, a district) to its extent and to the jurisdiction short of actual sovereignty exercised over it. We speak of the dominions of a king; of the territories of a republic, state, city, or

company. The Queen's dominions. The territory of the Hudson's Bay Company.

"The kingdom of England, over which our municipal laws have jurisdiction, includes not by the common law either Wales, Scotland, or Ireland, or any other part of the king's dominions, except the territory of England alone. "-BLACKSTONE.

THEOLOGIAN. DIVINE.

The THEOLOGIAN (Gr. Beoλoyos, one who speaks,discourses, of God) studies; the DIVINE (Lat. divinus,divine) teaches. It constitutes a theologian to be learned in theology, whether he expound or not; but the divine teaches in public or writes, and is an ecclesiastic, while the theologian may be a layman. The theologian is sometimes an official referee on matters of theology.

"The old theologians and divines, who of all philosophers are the most ancient."HOLLAND, Plutarch.

THINK. BELIEVE.

TO THINK (A. S. thencan, to think, reason) is used in three senses: 1, to express the ordinary operation of the intellect; 2, an opinion formed in the mind; and 3, a belief in something as nearly, but not quite, certain. As, Man is a thinking being." "I think him a sensible man.' "I think that he has left the house."

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TO BELIEVE (prefix be for ge-lyfan, to believe) has also two meanings: 1, a decided faith; the other, nearly synonymous with the third meaning of THINK, but with a rather stronger conviction. "I believe so; or, think so, but am not certain." In this sense, BELIEVE rises upon THINK. For instance, I ask another, "Were these words uttered in the course of the conversation? Answer: "I think Question: "But do you say that you believe they were?" In this way, to think is to be disposed to believe; and to believe to have made

so.

up one's mind to think.

THOUGHT. IDEA. IMAGINATION. COGITATION.

The IDEA (see IDEA) represents the object; the THOUGHT (see THINK) considers it; the IMAGINATION (Lat. imaginationem) forms it.

The irst

paints; the second examines and weighs; the third too often betrays. We have ideas of the sun and moon, or any material objects which we have seen. We have thoughts on moral subjects. We form imagination by combining ideas. The imagination is our own, the thought may be borrowed from another. An idea should be just and true, a thought fine, an imagination brilliant. In argument, especially, men are bound to simplify, adjust, and clear up their ideas. Thoughts ought not to be far-fetched. Imaginations are not to be confounded with realities. The idea belongs both to the external object and to the mind which entertains it. A thought is an act of judgment and comparison among many ideas. Thoughts are more personal than ideas; for some ideas exist necessarily. It cannot be said of any thoughts that they so exist; and so we are not always responsible for false ideas, though we are to be blamed for entertaining wrong thoughts. Right thoughts are based upon exact ideas. A thought is made up of the combination of an idea and a sentiment; and so great and noble thoughts come not only from the intellect but the heart. An idea has. as it were, an independent existence. A thought does not live fully till it is expressed. A good idea is felicitous, appropriate, or useful one. A good thought is the germ of a good action.

COGITATION (Lat. cōgĭtātionem, a thinking, reflexion) is a term scientific and metaphysical. It is the employment of the mind in continuous thought. Cogitation is associated with volition and sensation as faculties of human nature. It is a somewhat old-fashioned word, and wears a pedantic air. Cogitation is as it were the taking counsel with one's self.

"He that calleth a thing unto his mind whether by impression or recordation cogitateth and considereth, and he that employeth the faculty of his fancy also cogitateth, and he that reasoneth doth in like manner cogitate and devise."-BACON.

"I hope it will not be thought arrogance to say that perhaps we should make greater progress in the discovery of rational and contemplative knowledge, if we sought it in the fountain, in the consideration of things

themselves, and made use rather of our own thoughts than other men's to find it."LOCKE.

"Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding, that I call idea." -Ibid.

"Every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually."-English Bible.

THOUGHTFUL

CONSIDERATE.

The THOUGHTFUL person (see THINK) considers carefully, and acts with reflexion in regard to the circumstances of a case.

The CONSIDERATE person (Lat. considerare, to consider) does the same in reference to the relation borne to it

by other persons. We should be thoughtful of particulars and details, considerate towards the feelings and position of others. There is reflexion in thoughtfulness; anticipation, in considerateness. Considerateness may be positive or negative, or, in other words, may show itself in kindness or forbearance. Thoughtfulness of others is considerateness. But there is also another difference. Thoughtfulness does not overlook circumstances, considerateness does not overlook their consequences. He who is thoughtful is not likely to forget; he who is considerate is not likely to leave things unprovided for.

Thoughtfulness concerning our deportment, our welfare, that of others, and the public, so far as it will really be of use, is a duty of indispensable obligation."SECKER.

There was a time when CONSIDERATE meant simply reflexive, without any reference to others; as,

"We apply it (the term enthusiasm), through an indolent custom, to sober and considerate asserters of important truths as readily as to wild and extravagant contenders about them."-BYROM, On Enthusiasm.

former from a Saxon, the latter from a Latin root, differ, as such words so related commonly do, in representing, the former, the physical and ordinary, the latter, the moral and more remote or dignified.

THREAT (A. S. threat, 1, a host; 2, a threatening) may be used of small or great evils. So of the verb THREATEN. One boy may threaten to strike another. On the other hand we speak of the land as MENACED (0. Fr. Lat. minācem, adj. full of menace, threats) with the evils of war or famine. Hence to menace involves the action of conscious beings; while THREATEN is used of common influences and phenomena. The clouds are said to threaten (not to menace) rain. A threat may be confined to words, and a menace to acts: a threatening letter, a menacing attitude.

"Threatened this moment and the next

implored."

"Is it not experience which renders a dog apprehensive of pain when you menace him, or lift up the whip to beat him?"-HUME, On the Human Understanding.

THROW. HURL. Toss. CAST. FLING.

THROW (A. S. thráwan) denotes method and some amount of aim. "I have thrown A brave defiance in King Henry's teeth " SHAKESPEARE.

HURL, a certain amount of force, and weight in the thing hurled. It is a contraction of hurtle, and retains the force of dashing or striking against, contained in Fr. heurter.

"And oft the swain, On some (sheep) impatient seizing, hurls them in.' THOMSON.

CAST (Icel. kasta, to cast) is more dignified, and has less of effort, meaning sometimes little more than to let go; as, to cast anchor.

"Let us cast lots for it whose it shall be."-English Bible.

Toss denotes no great violence or distance, but a sudden rapid throwing, as of a light body.

"They look upon little matters as unworthy the notice of God, and esteem it derogatory from the Divine Majesty to suppose Him attentive to the crawlings of

an emmet, or tossings of a feather in a tempestuous air."-SEARCH.

TO FLING (One of many similar imi tative words, as flog, Sw. Alenga, to beat, Lat. in-, fligere: WEDGWOOD) is to cast forth from self, commonly with an effort of will.

"Tis Fate who flings the dice, and as she flings,

Of kings makes peasants and of peasants kings." DRYDEN.

TIME. DURATION.

DURATION (Lat. durare, to last)

cannot be conceived but in relation to some object.

TIME (Lat. tempus) exists by itself, absolute and independent. Time has been personified by mythologists and poets. Duration is to time what ex tent is to space. It is the space of time occupied between the beginning of a thing and the end. But this distinction is not all. The word TIME is often used in this sense. Duration is not only a certain quantity of time, but such a quantity regarded under one especial aspect. While a time in this sense may contain a thousand different events, and stands related to a preceding and a subsequent time, DURATION applies only to a solitary fact separated and isolated in time. We are to some extent masters of our time, and may employ it as we will; our duration upon earth is not a matter of our own power.

TIME. SEASON.

TIME (A. S. tíma; time, season) is here the generic term.

SEASON (Fr. saison, Lat. sdtionem, sowing-time) is a certain time; that is, time measured not merely chronologically, but in reference to anything to which it is especially adapted. A season is a fit period; as, youth is the season of enjoyment.

"Our conception of time originates in that of motion; and particularly in those regular and equable motions carried on in the heavens, the parts of which, from their perfect similarity to each other, are correct measures of the continuous and successive quantity called time, with which they are conceived to co-exist. Time, therefore, may be defined the perceived number of successive movements."-GILLIES, Analysis of Aristotle's Ethics.

"Still sing the God of seasons as they roll.

For me, when I forget the darling theme, Whether the blossom blows, the summer ray

Russets the plain, inspiring autumn gleams,
Or winter rises in the blackening east,
Be my tongue mute, my fancy paint no

more,

And, dead to joy, forget my heart to beat." THOMSON.

TIMELY. SEASONABLE. OPPOR

TUNE.

TIMELY means in good time; SEANABLE, in right time. Timely aid is that which comes before it is too late. Seasonable aid, that which meets the nature of the occasion.

"And Brett, with his men, manfully endured their charge till more English and Portuguese coming timely in to their succour, beat them back into the city."-CAM

DEN.

"Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction."-Ecclesiasticus, English Bible.

The difference is slight between these and OPPORTUNE (Lat.opportūnus) which seems to express more the occurrence of that which by its timeliness aids some particular project or specific course of things. Like TIMELY and unlike SEASONABLE, it qualifies a case rather than a class of cases. Things are opportune for the occasion, and not as a rule. The shower which falls seasonably and in timely preservation of a crop may be inopportune as regards a party of plea

and TIMOROUS, moral timidity. A timorous disposition is opposed to an adventurous one; a timid disposition, to a courageous one. Extreme caution in statesmen shows itself in timorous measures and a timorous policy. Though of no small moral courage, yet some men, in conditions of physical danger, have shown themselves timid as children.

PUSILLANIMOUS (Lat. pusillanimis, faint-hearted) is applied to moral beings acting on an important scale, as also to their spirit, measures, conduct, policy. The term is not, for instance, applicable to timid children, but to those in whom courage and decision might be expected or required as manly and responsible agents.

"We are apt to speak of a low and pusillanimous spirit as the ordinary cause by which dubious wars terminated in humiliating treaties." "-BURKE.

TIRESOME. WEARISOME. TE

DIOUS. TROUBLESOME.

TIRESOME and TROUBLESOME are applicable both to things and per

sons.

WEARISOME and TEDIOUS only to things, and the acts of persons. The force of that which is tiresome (A. S. tirian, to vex, irritate) is more active and energetic, producing a feeling of physical annoyance and exhaustion of patience. WEARISOME (A.S. wérig, weary, depressed) is said of things more continuous in their operation, and producing the impression of monotony and want of relief. A refractory child is tiresome; a long journey through an uninteresting country is wearisome. TEDIOUS (Lat. tædium, weariness, loathing) denotes the weary length of time occupied ; TROUBLESOME, that which trouble (Fr. troubler, Lat. turbulare, to disturb, turbula, a crowd), discomposure, annoyance, or difficulty in our own minds, as when the same child, by his refractoriness, sets us a difficult task in managing him. Such things as vain repetitions, importunate requests, slight disappointments and checks are tiresome. Monoto. nous tasks and journeys are weari

causes

some. Prolix speeches are tedious. Complicated tasks, and problems difficult to solve, or threads difficult to unravel, are troublesome.

"This being a religion founded only on temporal sanction, and burdened with a minute and tiresome ritual, had the people known it to be only preparatory to another, founded on better promises and easier observances, they would never have borne the yoke of the law."-WARBURTON.

"But no worthy enterprise can be done by us without continual plodding and wearisomeness to our faint and sensitive abilities."-MILTON.

"It reqnired no such metaphysical apparatus as Clarke employs, somewhat tediously, to prove that all perfections, natural and moral, must be attributes of the self-existent all-perfect Author of all being."-BOLINGBROKE.

"We found walking here exceedingly troublesome, for the ground was covered with a kind of grass, the seeds of which were very sharp, and bearded backwards." -Cook's Voyages.

TOLERATE. SUFFER. PERMIT. One TOLERATES (Lat. lolĕrāre) things when, having the power to stop them or to escape from them, one refrains to do either.

One SUFFERS them (Lat. sufferre) when one does not resist or oppose them, either as overlooking or conniving at them, or as feeling one's inability to prevent.

One PERMITS them (Lat. permittĕre) when one gives some degree of consent to them.

TOLERATE and SUFFER are only used of what is bad, or believed to be so, or painful and disagreeable; PERMIT, Of things good, bad, or in themselves indifferent. We are sometimes induced to tolerate evils and inconveniences lest worse things happen to us. We suffer as feeling that greater harm may accrue from resistance, or that the remedy may be worse than the disease. Human laws may never permit what the divine law forbids, though they sometimes forbid what that law permits.

TOMB. GRAVE. SEPULCHRE. TOMB (Fr. tombe, L. Lat. tumba) at present implies a construction having walls of stone or other such durable material; while

GRAVE (A. S. graf, from grafan, t carve, to dig) denotes no more than a simple excavation of the earth for the reception of a dead body.

SEPULCHRE (Lat. sepulchrum, from sepelire, to bury) being a word of Latin origin, and so carrying our minds back to times when the dead were buried in ancient fashions, as, for instance, in sepulchres hewn out of the rock, is naturally a word of rare use, and occurs principally in connexion with some special truth or reflexion. In such expressions the grave represents in a simple manner the end of mortal life; the tomb, the silence and inactivity of death; the sepulchre, the conventional associations of death and burial. To go down to the grave. The silence of the tomb. The sepulchres of departed kings.

TOME. VOLUME.

One VOLUME (Lat. võlūmen, a roll, a book) may contain many TOMES (Lat. tomus, Gr. Tóμos), or one tome may contain many volumes. The tome is distinguished by the divisions of the work, the volume by the arrangements of the binder.

TONE. SOUND.

SOUND (Lat. sonus, sound) is no more than the effect produced upon the auditory nerves by the vibration of the waves of the atmosphere, and is determined by the physical structure of the organ, or more generally by the physical character of the subproducing it. A sound

stance or cause is loud or soft.