Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women HealersTraditionally women have been healers who also used empirical evidence and proven techniques to heal. Yet male "doctors", who based their healing practices on the whims of the Church, continuously tried to discredit these successful healers. Throughout the 14th-17th centuries in Europe, these doctors labeled women healers witches and had them executed to maintain their authority and their authority and that of the Church and the ruling class. These witches treated peasants and may have led peasant rebellions. Another way of barring women from the male and, supposedly, "correct" system was establishing medical schools in Medieval Europe which barred women. These techniques were successful in that the emerging middle classes viewed traditional women healers as superstitious and even went so far as to allow males into the last preserve of female healing--midwifery. In colonial America and the early years of the US, women partook equally in people's medicine. Anyone who claimed to heal--regardless of sex, race, or formal training- -could practice medicine. In the early 1800s, however, a group of male, middle class "regular" doctors began their campaign to rid the US of lay practitioners. The Popular Health Movement of the 1830s-1840s set them back, however, and the working class denounced medical elitism. On the offensive in 1848, the regulars formed a national professional organization called the American Medical Association. This began the suppression of women practitioners which included suggesting that respectable women would not travel at night and barring women from medical schools. Further, the medical profession put pressure on states to outlaw midwifery and allow doctors only to practice obstetrics. Nursing remained that last female domain in health and, due to nurse reformers, nurses became subservient, patient, obedient helpers. Women had found their "rightful" place in medicine. |
Contents
Introduction | 4 |
Preface | 19 |
Women and the rise of the Medical Profession | 38 |
Copyright | |
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Other editions - View all
Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers, Issues 1-2 Barbara Ehrenreich,Deirdre English No preview available - 1973 |
Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers, Issues 1-2 Barbara Ehrenreich,Deirdre English No preview available - 1973 |
Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers, Issues 1-2 Barbara Ehrenreich,Deirdre English No preview available - 1973 |
Common terms and phrases
19th century abortion accused American medical profession attacked Barbara Ehrenreich calomel context cures devil division of labour Dorothea Dix Ehrenreich and English England European medical profession feminine feminist movement Flexner Report Florence Nightingale formal training Harriet Hunt health system History of Women hospitals hunts Johns Hopkins Jules Michelet Kramer and Sprenger ladies lay healers lay practitioners learning licensing laws magic male doctors male medical profession male professionals Malleus Maleficarum medical education medical elite medical schools medical science medical students medical training middle class women midwifery Midwives and Nurses monopoly mother Nightingale obstetrical oppression organized pamphlet patient peasant people's medicine political Popular Health Movement radical reform regular scientific sects sexism sexual division Sheila Rowbotham sick social society Sophia Jex-Blake struggle theory Thomas Szasz University university-trained physicians Victorian witch trials witch-craze witch-hunts witchcraft witches as healers woman women doctors women healers women health workers women's movement