This assertion, probably based upon a statement from Dryden regarding his authorities, is largely true. However, none of the Horatian material proved acceptable to the English critic. His indebtedness to the French critic is undoubted. In borrowing from him some five hundred and seventy lines, almost word for word, clause for clause, and sentence for sentence, Dryden likewise carried over the allusions and quotations from Livy, Quintilian, Virgil, Horace, Diomedes, Ennius, Scaliger and Heinsius. In the following, the parallelism is apparent :

DRYDEN

Satura as I have formerly noted, is an adjective, and relates to the word lanx, which is understood; and this lanx in English a charger, or large platter, was yearly filled with all sorts of fruits, which were offered to the gods at their festivals as the premices, or first gatherings. These offerings of several sorts thus mingled, it is true, were not unknown to the Grecians, who called them πάνκαρκον θυσίαν, sacrifice of all sorts of fruits; and πάνσπερμίαν, when they offered all kinds of grain. -Virgil has mentioned those sacrifices in his Georgics:

Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta:

and in another place,

lancesque et liba feremus:

DACIER

Satura, est un adjectif qui se rapporte a un substantif sous-entendu. Car les anciens Romains disoient saturam, en sousentendant lancem: & satura lanx, étoit proprement un bassin rempli de toutes sortes de fruits, qu'ils offroient tous les ans à Ceres & à Bacchus, comme les premices de tout ce qu'ils venonient de cueillir. Ces Offrandes de différentes choses mêlées ensemble, n'étoient pas inconnuës aux Grecs, qui les appelloient πάνκαρκον θυσίαν quand ils offroient des légumes. Le Grammairien Diomede a parfaitement expliqué & la coutume des Romains, & le mot satura, dans ce passage: Lanx referta variis multisque primitiis sacris Cereris inferebatur, & à copia saturitate rei satura vocabatur, cujus generis lancium & Virgilius in Georgics meminit, cum hos modo dicit:

Lancibus & pandis fumantia reddimus exta. et lancesque & liba feremus.

graceful turn, and endeavored to imitate more closely the vetus comoedeia of the Greeks, of which the old original Roman Satire had no idea, till the time of Livius Andronicus. And though Horace seems to have made Lucilius the first author of satire in verse amongst the Romans, in these words

Quid? cum est Lucilius ausus Primus in hunc operis componere carmina morem,

he is only thus to be understood; that Lucilius had given a more graceful turn to the satire of Ennius and Pacuvius, not that he invented a new satire of his own; and Quintilian seems to explain this passage of Horace in these words:

Satira quidem tota nostra est; in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus est Lucilius."

Thus, both Horace and Quintilian give a kind of primacy of honour to Lucilius, amongst the Latin satirists.

Et quoi, quand Lucilius osle premier faire de cette sorte de vers? Horace n'a eu garde de vouloir dire qu'on n'eût pas fait des Satires avant Lucilius, puisque Lucilius avoit éré précéde par Ennius & par Pacuve, dont il n'acoit fait que suivre l'exemple. Il a voulu seulement faire entendre, que Lucilius avoit donné une nouvelle façon à ce Pöeme, qu'il l'avoit embelle & que par cette raison d'en devait être considéré comme le premier Auteur. Quintilien a en la même pensée, quand il a écrit dans le Chap. I du Liv X Satira quidem tota nostra est, in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus est Lucilius. La Satire est toute entière à nous.

These remarks on the origin of satire, Dacier in turn had derived from the Latin poet and his interpreters, Scaliger and Heinsius. Horace had expressed these opinions in the first epistle of the second book, and, more extensively, in the tenth satire of the first book.

After a

At times Dryden plainly admits his indebtedness. labored and flattering dedication, he remarks, "I am now almost at my depth; at least by the help of Dacier I am swimming to And then he swims alongside of the French critic for some

it.'

9991

91 Ker, II, p. 53.

two hundred thirty-seven lines, paralleling both ideas and quotations.

Such passages, as I have said, abound. Both conclude that Roman satire was begun by Ennius, furthered by Lucilius, and completed by Horace. Both agree that satire results from a desire to purge the passions and punish the wicked. Yet Dryden makes some changes. He says that Livius Andronicus first introduced satire on the Roman stage;92 and, with startling frankness, when speaking of the spelling of satire, he tells us that "it is false spelled throughout this book; for it is here written Satyr; which, not having considered at the first, I thought it not worth considering afterwards. But the French are more nice, and never spell it any other way than satire. ''93

But, although Dryden followed Dacier closely, he referred much more frequently to the Roman poet. To Dacier's seven allusions and quotations, Dryden added forty-seven allusions and four quotations. At times, he seems to have been unwilling merely to accept Dacier's quotations from Horace, and enlarges them. For example, Dacier's two verse quotations from the first epistle of the second book, Dryden enlarged to a sixteen line quotation and translation.94 After this, he followed Dacier closely.

This idea of satire, distinctly Horatian, and with little attempt to distinguish between satire and satura, prevailed until the eighteenth century. At the beginning of that age, Dryden's Essay made its way into Germany. Floegel, after reading it, remarked that Dryden was an authority on satire; while Blankenburg called him "the one authority."'95 Even today we find critics respecting if not entirely accepting Dryden's theories on satire. Few, however, recognize the source of this much praised work.

CONCLUSION

To trace the influence of Dryden upon subsequent literature is, to a large extent, to trace the influence of Horace. For Dryden

92 Ker, I. 58.

93 Ker, I, p. 67.

94 Ker, II, pp. 48-49. This is one of Dryden's few translations from Horace.

95 Baumgartner, "Dryden's Relation to Germany, in the Eighteenth Century," University of Nebraska Studies, No. V, p. 318.

had summed up and concentrated what he found scattered. Some writers, like Radulfus Tortarius, had imitated a satire; others, like Burton, had quoted from an epistle or an ode; or, like Vida, had modeled after the Ars Poetica. But John Dryden so absorbed most of Horace's writings that they became part and parcel of his life and thought.

At first he, like his contemporaries, was interested in translation and imitation. Realizing, as he said, that Horace's many excellencies were beyond his grasp, he translated but a few odes. And although we cannot consider those his best translations-his Virgil is far superior-yet they outrank those of his contemporaries. It is in his epistolary verse that Dryden is most like Horace. His praise of men rings with a Roman grandeur; many of the satires are decidedly Horatian; some, like the Hind and the Panther, have the Horatian framework, phraseology, and "characters." Throughout all of Dryden's critical work run quotations, allusions, or reminiscences of Horace. At first, Dryden believed that Horace had so anticipated all problems, that it was unnecessary to do more than follow him. Later, relying more on himself, he critically examined the Roman poet, and frequently modified his dictates to suit the needs of seventeenth century England. Yet he rarely misinterpreted the poet.

Strongly influenced by his contemporaries, though towering head and shoulders above them by virtue of his intellect and eloquence, Dryden became the leader of the century. In this position, he transmitted the influence of Horace. His verse paved the way for that of Pope and Swift, both of whom were subject to the Roman poet. His prose, even more Horatian than his verse, was the fore-runner of that of Addison and Steele. These eighteenth century writers carried on the Horatian tradition. Of the two, Addison best interpreted the spirit and extended further the influence of the poet.

Through these interpretations, Horace's boast has been fulfilled: usque ego postera Crescam laude recens. Od. III. 30. 7-8.

DIE NEUHOCHDEUTSCHE SPRACHFORSCHUNG, IHRE ERGEBNISSE UND

ZIELE1

By KARL VON BAHDER
Darmstadt, Germany

Bei der Begründung der germanistischen Wissenschaft durch Jakob Grimm und seine Mitforscher ist die neuhochdeutsche Sprache im Kreise der germanischen Sprachen nicht ihrer Bedeutung entsprechend mit herangezogen worden. Das Interesse lag zunächst durchaus bei dem germanischen Altertum und bei der älteren Sprache, deren Aufhellung freilich auch viel Licht über die Sprache der Neuzeit verbreitete, aus der allein aber doch die eigentümliche Gestaltung und die grundlegenden Gesetze der nhd. Sprache nicht erkannt werden und das richtige Verständnis finden konnten. So hat Grimm in seiner Deutschen Grammatik für das Nhd. nicht entfernt dasselbe geleistet wie für die älteren Sprachstufen und auch sonst befasste sich die Forschung anfangs nur wenig mit der nhd. Sprache, in deren besondere Entwicklung man nicht die nötigen Einblicke gewann. Und doch ist von den Hauptwerken Jakob Grimms eins ganz vorwiegend dem Nhd. gewidmet, nämlich das Deutsche Wörterbuch, wo die Geschichte der Worte natürlich vor allem im nhd. Zeitraum verfolgt wird, freilich nicht gleichmässig, das sprachgewaltige und sprachschöpferische 16. Jahrhundert ist besonders berücksichtigt, viel weniger die folgenden Jahrhunderte, fast gar nicht die neueste Zeit. Ueber die Entwicklung, welche die Bedeutung der Worte genommen hat, werden hier geistvolle Vermutungen aufgestellt, zu wenig aber lenkt Grimm das Auge darauf, wie die Worte in die Schriftsprache gelangt sind, von welcher Seite her und aus welcher Sphäre sie vordringen und in welcher Gestalt sie sich allmählich festsetzen. Hier hat schon sein Bruder Wilhelm mehr geleistet und die Fortsetzer haben mit Recht diesen wichtigen Fragen ihre besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Unendlich viel hat Rudolf Hildebrand zum Verständnis des nhd. Wortschatzes beigetragen,

1 This paper was presented at the meeting of the Modern Language Association of America at Ann Arbor, Mich., December 1923.