Surgical Approaches in OtorhinolaryngologyThe usual surgical approaches to the head and neck region are overviewed. Subdivisions were made according to the anatomical regions and their functional correlations. The approaches are explained in a short introductory text. Their execution and indications as well as possible extensions are included. Emphasis is put on the illustrative plastic images showing the approaches in 4-colored figures. These were drawn after anatomical specimens and intrasurgical findings, therefore representing the actual anatomical situation. This is not a comprehensive textbook of surgical procedures but a clear representation of surgical approaches to the different topographical regions. |
Contents
General | 2 |
Local Anesthesia of the Oral Cavity | 12 |
Local Anesthesia of the Larynx Trachea | 52 |
Copyright | |
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alar cartilage anesthesia anesthetic angle anteriorly arch artery and vein auricular nerve Bone removal bony border branch cartilaginous cervical fascia digastric muscle divided duct dura elevated Endonasal approach endoscopic Errors and Hazards ethmoidal cells exposed Exposure external facial canal facial nerve foramen frontal sinus hard palate Hazards Injury hyoid bone hypoglossal nerve Incision Fig inferiorly internal auditory canal internal carotid artery internal jugular vein lacrimal laryngeal nerve layer lymph nodes Main Indications mandible mandibular margin mastoid maxillary sinus meatus medial Middle turbinate midline mucosa nasal cavity nasal septum nasopharynx neck dissection occipital opened oral cavity orbital palatine paranasal parotid gland petrous pharyngeal Placement of Incision plexus posterior posteriorly region resection retracted retractor semicircular canal septal sigmoid sinus sinuses skin skull base soft palate Soft-Tissue Dissection Figs soft-tissue flap sphenoid sinus sternocleidomastoid Sternohyoid muscle submandibular gland superficial superiorly surgery surgical temporal temporalis thyroid cartilage tissues tongue transverse tumors vestibular wall