Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO AssessmentPeter H. McMurry, Marjorie F. Shepherd, James S. Vickery Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment was commissioned by NARSTO, a cooperative public-private sector organization of Canada, Mexico and the United States. It is a concise and comprehensive discussion of the current understanding by atmospheric scientists of airborne particulate matter (PM). Its goal is to provide policy makers who implement air-quality standards with this relevant and needed scientific information. The primary audience for this volume will be regulators, scientists, and members of industry, all of whom have a stake in effective PM management. It will also inform exposure and health scientists, who investigate causal hypotheses of health impacts, characterize exposure, and conduct epidemiological and toxicological studies. |
Contents
LOCAL REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PM 2 5 | 2 |
Figure S 1 1 1 Framework for informing PM management | 8 |
A POLICY OVERVIEW | 9 |
Policy Question 1 Is there a significant PM problem and how confident are | 12 |
Figure S 6 6 3 Average annual PM mass concentrations | 16 |
Policy Question 2 Where there is a PM problem what is its composition and what factors | 19 |
Figure S 8 3 16 Chemical links between the ozone and PM formation processes | 22 |
Figure S 11 10 28 Reconstructed eastern U S fine mass partitioned into | 28 |
PARTICLE AND GAS MEASUREMENTS | 157 |
1 Relationships of datameasurement techniques airquality management | 157 |
2 Inlets used for particle size separation | 162 |
CHAPTER 6 | 180 |
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERIZATION | 191 |
1 Average air mass source regions and transport during July | 192 |
36 | 195 |
5 Variations of average PM mass concentrations | 198 |
Policy Question 4 What sourcespecific options are there for fixing the problem given | 29 |
Policy Question 5 What is the relationship between PM its components and other | 36 |
Policy Question 6 How can progress be measured? How can we determine the effectiveness | 39 |
Figure S 14 4 3 Distribution of SO sources in Canada and the United States | 42 |
Policy Question 7 When and how should implementation programs be reassessed and updated | 44 |
BENEFITS TO THE POLICY COMMUNITY OF NEW SCIENCE | 50 |
CHAPTER 1 | 53 |
3 Illustrative transport scales for PM and other atmospheric pollutants | 59 |
5 Iterative communication for managing air quality | 65 |
HEALTH CONTEXT FOR MANAGEMENT | 69 |
1 Schematic rendering of relationship among outdoor and indoor sources | 74 |
CHAPTER 3 | 80 |
5 Stylized summary of acute exposure studies | 83 |
4 | 99 |
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL PROCESSES | 103 |
1 Schematic of the life cycle of atmospheric particles and their | 104 |
20 Trends in annual particulate SO and NO concentrations | 105 |
3 Electron micrographs of selected particles | 106 |
9 Schematic of the formation of secondary organic aerosol in the atmosphere | 113 |
13 Isopleths of predicted particulate NO concentration | 118 |
CHAPTER 7 | 120 |
CHAPTER 4 | 129 |
21 | 134 |
109 | 136 |
116 | 137 |
5 Comparison of measured and simulated chemical compositions | 203 |
9 Numbers of PM2 monitoring sites exceeding three benchmark levels | 213 |
192 | 226 |
RECEPTOR METHODS | 235 |
CHEMICALTRANSPORT MODELS | 283 |
6 Comparison of measured and simulated 24hr average PM | 305 |
VISIBILITY AND RADIATIVE BALANCE EFFECTS | 325 |
5 Effect of relative humidity on light scattering | 331 |
7 Global annual mean radiative forcings Wm² for the period from | 343 |
239 | 353 |
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF PM | 355 |
4 Simplified conceptual model for the San Joaquin Valley | 360 |
14 Temporal variations of monthlyaverage PM at sites in | 368 |
199 | 409 |
RECOMMENDED RESEARCH TO INFORM | 415 |
GLOSSARY | 433 |
246 | 446 |
247 | 452 |
REFERENCES | 458 |
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY AND VALIDATION | 486 |
AVAILABILITY | 493 |
GLOBAL AEROSOL TRANSPORT | 501 |
APPENDIX E PREPARATION OF THIS ASSESSMENT | 509 |
Common terms and phrases
aerosol air pollution air quality air-quality airshed ambient concentrations ambient PM analysis annual anthropogenic Assessment Atmospheric Environment atmospheric processes average biogenic Canada carbon changes Chapter characterization chemical composition chemistry condensed contributions CTMs deposition developed distribution dust emission inventories Environment Canada Environmental epidemiological episodes estimates evaluation factors Figure fraction Fuel Comb gas-phase gases health effects impacts improved levels mass concentrations measurements meteorological methods Mexico City NARSTO National needed nitrate North America northeastern United observed organic compounds outdoor PM oxidation ozone particles particulate matter percent PM concentrations PM mass concentrations PM₂ population precursors predicted primary PM receptor models reductions regional Research sampling San Joaquin Valley Science secondary PM Seinfeld simulated SO₂ source categories spatial speciation species standards strategies studies Sulfate techniques temporal transport typically U.S. EPA uncertainties United urban areas visibility Waste Management µg/m³