BURGESS, Thomas, an English bishop, born at Odiham, Hampshire, Nov. 18, 1756, died at Salisbury, Feb. 19, 1837. He was the son of a grocer, studied at Winchester, obtained a scholarship at Oxford, and became a fellow and tutor of his college. Mr. Addington, the prime minister, who had been his fellow student at Winchester and Oxford, appointed him bishop of St. Davids in 1803, and in 1825 he was translated to the see of Salisbury. He aided in founding the royal society of literature, of which he was president from 1821 to 1832. His biographer, J. S. Harford, enume-structive when an entry is gained by fraud, rates nearly 100 publications, theological, classical, and miscellaneous, issued by him; among these are editions of Burton's Pentalogia (2 vols., 1780), and Dawes's Miscellanea Critica (1781). In his "Considerations on the Abolition of Slavery" (1789), he recommended gradual emancipation.

pop. in 1867, 357,846. It is traversed by ranges of the Pyrenees and the Iberian mountains, the principal chain being the sierra de Oca. The Ebro in the north, the Arlanzon in the centre, and the Douro in the south are the principal rivers. The climate is cool and variable, the short springs being often succeeded by scorching heat. Minerals abound, but are neglected. Timber is abundant, and there are valuable fisheries. Linen, woollen, and cotton goods and other articles are manufactured. The trade is chiefly inland. Education is making progress, and crime is rare. Among the towns are Aranda, Lerma, and Miranda. II. A city, capital of the province, 130 m. N. of Madrid; pop. in 1867, including the suburbs, about 27,000. It is situated in a fertile plain nearly 2,900 feet above the sea, and built in the form of an amphitheatre around a hill, on the right

bank of the Arlanzon, an affluent of the Pisuerga; the river partly divides the city from the suburbs La Vega, Las Huelgas, and San Pedro. The principal promenade is the Espolon, adorned by many statues of kings; the Cubos and Isla promenades are on the banks of the river. On the summit of the hill, occupying the site of the old castle, is the citadel, with new fortifications. In the calle Alta is an arch erected in honor of Fernando Gonzales. The site of the house in which the Cid lived is marked by a pillar and two obelisks, though the house itself was removed in 1771. The bones of the Cid were transferred in 1842 from the neighboring convent of San Pedro de Cardina to the town hall of Burgos. The Gothic cathedral of Burgos is among the most renowned in Europe for its architecture and works of art. Its 14 chapels contain many fine sepulchral

monuments and paintings. Behind the cathe-ing region is fertile in cereals, flax, hemp, dral is the church of Santa Aguida or Gardea, where the Cid compelled Alfonso VI. to swear that he had no part in the assassination of his brother Sancho. The finest church after the cathedral is San Esteban. The church of San Ildefonso is now used as a depot of artillery, San Juan Bautista as a prison, San Pablo as barracks, and other old churches have been appropriated to other purposes, or pulled down. There are many convents, hospitals, charitable institutions, colleges, schools, and a royal gymnasium; but the once famous university has long ceased to exist. The situation of Burgos on the high road from Madrid to Paris favors trade, which is especially active in wool and woollen fabrics; an annual fair is held in June. The manufactures include woollens, linens, hats, and leather. The surround

vegetables, and fruits. Burgos is the seat of a cardinal archbishop, of a captain general, and of several courts of justice and a chamber of commerce. Near the city is the Carthusian convent of Miraflores, a famous Gothic building, containing the tombs of John II. and his queen Isabella, and the nunnery of Santa Maria del Real, popularly called Las Huelgas, on account of its being situated on pleasure grounds (huelgas) which belonged to Alfonso VIII.-Burgos was founded late in the 9th century by Diego de Porcelos, who built a castle as a protection against the Moors. It afterward rose to great importance, with a population variously estimated at 40,000, 50,000, and even 80,000, and became the capital of Castile. It declined after the beginning of the 16th century, when Charles V. made Madrid the me

tropolis of Spain. Soult nearly annihilated the Spanish army at Burgos, Nov. 10, 1808; and in 1813 the fortress was captured by Wellington, after having withstood four assaults in 1812.

died in London, Oct. 7, 1871. He entered the army in August, 1798, as second lieutenant of engineers; served at Malta, in Egypt, in Sicily, and in Sweden, from 1800 to 1807; was with Sir John Moore in the peninsula in 1808, under Wellington from 1809 to 1814, and was present at the principal battles and sieges, conducted the sieges of Burgos and San Sebastian, and was twice wounded. In 1814-'15 he was engineer-in-chief of the attack on New Orleans, and in 1826 was sent to Portugal in the same capacity. In 1830 he was made colonel and appointed chairman of the board of public works in Ireland; major general in 1838; and was inspector general of fortifications of England from 1845 to 1858. The famous letter of the duke of Wellington, showing how ill prepared England was for war and against invasion, was addressed in 1847 to Burgoyne, then inspector general of fortifications. He served as lieutenant general on the staff and second in command of the British forces in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855. He was created a baronet in March, 1856. In 1859 he published, under the title of “Military Opinions," one of the best essays relating to a French invasion of England. In 1865 he became constable of the tower of London and field marshal. His "Life and Correspondence," by Lieut. Col. the Hon. George Wrottesley, was published in 1873 (2 vols. 8vo).—His only son, HUGH TALBOT BURGOYNE, a captain in the navy, commanded the Wrangler at the capture of Kinburn in 1855, and in 1857 received marks of distinction from Queen Victoria and Napoleon III. He was lost at sea while in command of the turret ship Captain, which foundered off Cape Finisterre, Sept. 7, 1870.

BURGOYNE. I. John, an English general, born about 1730, died in London, August 4, 1792. He has been commonly represented as a natural son of Lord Bingley, but in Burke's "Peerage" he is mentioned as the grandson of Sir John Burgoyne of Sutton Park, Bedfordshire. While a subaltern in the army he married clandestinely a daughter of the earl of Derby. The earl settled £300 a year upon him, and used his influence for his promotion. In 1762 he served with distinction as brigadier general in Portugal. He was elected to parliament in 1761 for the borough of Midhurst. In 1768 he contested the borough of Preston at an expense of £10,000, and for excesses which it is said his partisans committed was prosecuted and fined £1,000. In the letters of Junius he was severely dealt with, on account of his presumed political connection with the duke of Grafton. In 1772, on his motion, parliament appointed a committee of inquiry on Indian affairs, and in the following year he moved unsuccessfully for a vote of censure on Lord Clive. Being appointed to a command in America, he reached Boston in May, 1775, and saw the battle of Bunker Hill, of which he wrote a graphic account to Lord Stanley. He returned home in December, 1776, was appointed lieutenant general, and placed in command of the British army in Canada, where he arrived early in 1777. Having invited the Indians to join him, he captured Ticonderoga, July 6, but was defeated at Stillwater, N. Y., Sept. 19, and at Freeman's farm, Oct. 7, and was compelled to surrender at Saratoga, Oct. 17, to the American army under Gates and Arnold. This surrender excited great indignation in England, and on his arrival in London the king refused to see him. A court martial which he demanded was refused, on the ground that a prisoner on parole could not be tried. He published a narrative which removed some of the prejudices against him, and vindicated himself in parliament, throwing the blame of his disaster upon the American secretary. He joined the opposition, and an ineffectual attempt was made to exclude him from parliament on ac- BURGUNDIANS, or Burgundil, the name of a count of his being a prisoner of war. He then primitive German race, a branch of the Goths, resigned all his appointments; but in 1782 he whose original territory lay between the Oder was restored to his rank in the army, and ap- and the Vistula, from which they were driven pointed privy councillor and commander-in-out by the Gepida. They settled between the chief in Ireland. In 1784 he retired from public life. He wrote in 1780 a comic opera, The Lord of the Manor," borrowed from the French, in 1786 a comedy, "The Heiress," which is still occasionally performed, and several other dramatic works. His plays and poems were collected and published in 2 volumes, in 1808. He died without legal issue. II. Sir John Fox, a British general, a natural son of the preceding, born in 1782,

BURGSCHMIET, Jakob Daniel, a German sculptor and bronze founder, born in Nuremberg in 1796, died March 7, 1858. He established in 1819 a manufactory of mechanical toys, and subsequently studied his art in his native town and in Paris. Among his notable productions are statues of Melanchthon, Albert Dürer (both in Nuremberg), Beethoven (in Bonn), the emperor Charles IV. (in Prague), and Luther (in Möhra). He died while at work upon the colossal monument of Radetzky at Prague, which has since been completed by his son-inlaw Lenz, who took charge of his studio.

Main and Neckar, and in A. D. 407, joining the Suevi, Alani, and Vandals, crossed the Rhine under the command of Gundicar, penetrated into Gaul, settling between the Alps, the Saône, and the Rhône, and established the Burgundian realm, of which Geneva, and subsequently Lyons, was the capital. This lasted till 534, when King Gundemar fell in battle against the Franks, who took possession of Burgundy. Gundicar fell in 436, fighting

against the Huns, and was succeeded by his son Gunderic, who was the ally of the Romans in their struggle with Attila. One of his successors, Gundebald, was the author of the Lex Gundebalda. Soon after their arrival in Gaul the Burgundians became Arian Christians, but Sigismund, the son and successor of Gundebald, embraced Catholicism.

others acknowledging the power of their own feudal lords, but most of them reverting to the French kings. III. Duchy of.-First Ducal House. While these kingdoms were passing through these vicissitudes, the N. W. part of old Burgundy had remained united to France, and formed one of its great feudal provinces. In the 10th century the duchy of Burgundy belonged to Henry, brother of Hugh Capet, and shortly afterward to the second son of Robert the Pious. This prince, who died in 1075, was the head of the first ducal house of Burgundy, which lasted till 1361. His successors, 11 in number, were among the 12 peers of France, and rivalled the most powerful princes of their times. They increased their hereditary dominions, especially by the annexation of the county of Burgundy or Franche-Comté, one of the provinces dismembered from the kingdom of Arles, and were besides during the 13th and 14th centuries possessors of a kingdom and two principalities in the East. They proved singularly constant in their loyalty to the kings of France. Several of them engaged in crusades, especially Hugh III. and his grandson Hugh IV. The latter accompanied Louis IX. in his expedition to Egypt, shared his captivity, and was liberated with him. By a treaty with Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople, he became king of Salonica. Eudes IV., the last but one of the family, besides that kingdom, had also the principalities of Achaia and Morea.-Second Ducal House. On the death of Philip the Rouvre, the last of the preceding family, the duchy of Burgundy reverted for a short time to the crown of France. King John, to reward his third son, Philip the Bold, who had fought gallantly at Poitiers, bestowed this rich inheritance upon him, Sept. 6, 1363. He and his three successors were among the most famous historical characters of their age. (See PHILIP THE BOLD, JOHN THE FEARLESS, PHILIP THE GOOD, and CHARLES THE BOLD.) The last two dukes possessed regal power, and their dominions included not only Burgundy proper and several adjoining French fiefs, but the whole of the Netherlands, and finally the duchy of Lorraine and the imperial vicariate of Alsace. On the death of Charles the Bold in battle against René II. of Lorraine, whom he had dispossessed, Louis XI. at once seized on the duchy of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Picardy, and Artois, as escheated French fiefs; he was, however, obliged to resign Franche-Comté, but retained the other provinces. Mary, the heiress of Charles, married Maximilian of Austria, whence the claims of Austria to the Burgundian provinces. The Low Countries and Franche-Comté were, however, all that it ever possessed. But these contests were the origin of protracted wars between France and Austria. IV. Prov

BURGUNDY (Fr. Bourgogne), the name of three kingdoms, of a feudal duchy, and lastly of a French province. I. First Kingdom of This was founded about 413 by the Burgundians, who gradually extended their dominions over the valleys of the Saône and the Rhône, their possessions being bounded N. by the Rhine, the Faucilles mountains, and a winding line falling in a S. W. direction to the Loire, E. by the Alps and the river Reuss, W. by the upper Loire, Ardèche, and lower Rhône, and S. by the Mediterranean; consequently including the French provinces known afterward as Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Lyonnais, the N. E. part of Languedoc, Dauphiny, and Provence, with the western parts of Switzerland and Savoy. About the year 500 Clovis, impelled by his wife Clotilda, a Burgundian princess, desirous of avenging her father's death, invaded Burgundy, and imposed a heavy tribute, and the sons of Clovis conquered the kingdom, which in 534 became part of the Frankish empire. It however preserved its name and local laws, and more than once had Merovingian kings of its own. II. Cisjurane and Transjurane. The Frankish dominion over Burgundy had lasted 300 years when the dismemberment of the Carlovingian empire occurred, and Burgundy was among the first to assert its independence. In 879 a number of bishops and noblemen conferred the crown upon Boso, count of Vienne, a mild and prudent prince, brother-in-law of Charles the Bald of France. His kingdom, from its situation in respect to France, was called Cisjurane, and sometimes Lower Burgundy, consisting of southwestern Franche-Comté, southern Savoy, Dauphiny, and Provence, with a part of Lyonnais. A little later, Count Rudolph of Upper Burgundy founded a second kingdom of Burgundy, the Transjurane, formed of western Switzerland to the Reuss, northeastern Franche-Comté, and northern Savoy. The two kingdoms were united in 930, but not integrally, under the name of the kingdom of Arles, which continued for about a century. Meanwhile the kings of Arles or Provence, unable to contend successfully against the nobles, were obliged to acknowledge the supremacy of the German emperors. Consequently, on the death of Rudolph III., in 1032, the emperor Conrad II., as lord paramount, took possession of the kingdom, so that the S. E. part of France became one of the provinces of the German empire.ince of. The duchy proper, from its reunion to It was now governed by imperial vicars; but early in the 14th century the various provinces of which it consisted separated; some, like the Swiss cantons, asserting their independence,

France in 1477, became one of the most important provinces of the kingdom. It was, moreover, one of the most loyal. When Francis I. by the treaty of Madrid agreed to restore