an enemy to be refused as a friend, and the new king || that anything we could here say of him must, of ne sought to win, by favours and promises, the support cessity, be superfluous. We pass him by, and hasten which he was fearful was not sincere. The bishop on, leaving in our wake a long train of chief-justices, continued in many of his offices, dispensing justice, chancellors, and other dignitaries of the law, of each and doing his royal master much good service by sup- and all of whose lives Mr. Foss affords us an account, pressing agitation and discontent in the realm; while more or less complete. Some are exceedingly intethe dignity of chancellor was conferred upon his son. resting; others possess the merit of showing the proBut it was evident he had some ulterior object in view, gress of the profession, and the arrangement of the the nature of which even the king dreaded to imagine; courts; others, again, whose names are recorded and at length Stephen, alarmed by the growing power nowhere but in barren skeleton lists, serve but as the and influence which Roger was acquiring, and excited links of that great chain with which Mr. Foss appears by the representations made to him of the magnitude about to connect Herefastus, of Hereford, with Lord and strength of the castles built by him at Devizes, Eldon, and the other famous men of modern times. Malmesbury, and Shirburn, and the additions he had made to that of Salisbury, which he feared were intended for the support of Matilda's cause, sought an opportauity for rupture. This soon presented itself. The servants of the Bishop of Salisbury quarrelled with those of the Earl of Brittany, whereupon Roger was summoned to a council at Oxford, to give an explanation of the affair. We quote from Mr. Foss's history the result of the circumstance :

“The king required him, in satisfaction for the breach of the peace, to give up his castles as pledges of his fealty; and thereupon committed him and his son Roger, the chancellor, and his nephew Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, to close custody, until this should be done. His other nephew, Nigel, Bishop of Ely, suspecting to what these proceedings tended, fled, and shut himself up in his uncle's castle of Devizes, which he refused to surrender. The king immediately marched thither, taking his prisoners with him; and, having erected a gibbet in front of the walls, pronounced, in the presence of Bishop Roger, sentence of death upon his son, which he declared should be forthwith executed unless the gates were opened to him. Nigel, regardless of the entreaties of his uncle, persisted, notwithstanding, in his refusal; and the king directed the sentence to be executed. The victim ascended the scaffold, and the rope was adjusted, when Bishop Roger, horrified that his son should be so murdered, threw himself at the king's feet, and bound himself by an cath, if his son were saved, to taste no food till the royal mandate was obeyed. Nigel at last unwillingly submitted, but not till his unele had endured three days' fast.

"The king, on taking possession of the castle, appropriated to his own use a treasure of 40,000 marks, besides an immense quantity of plate and jewels which he found there."

A council was held at Winchester to examine into this affair. The king, represented by certain earls, was defended by Alberic de Vere, then renowned in the law. But though right was indisputably on the side of Roger, the bishop could not prevail against the monarch; and Stephen, triumphing, enjoyed the treasures of which he had, in a manner so iniquitous, obtained possession.

Ranulph de Glanville next claims our attention. He was born at Stratford, in Suffolk, his father being a baron, whose possessions in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk were very considerable. Although a younger brother, with many aspirants around him, he yet, at a very early age, filled a responsible position in the Exchequer; and, having acquired much proficiency in the law, and a character for integrity, he was named to the office of sheriff' of the united counties of Warwick

and Leicester during the reign of Henry II. In the same year, however, he was advanced to the sheriffalty of the more important county of York; and when, some time after, he rose to the bench, several other counties were placed under his care as sheriff. The king showed him much favour, and proved that he put confidence in him by the estates and honours which he entrusted to his care.

De Glanville's talents as a judge were equalled by his military abilities. the forces of Scotland in an important action, taking In the year 1174 he defeated the Scotch king prisoner, and driving his army beyond the borders. This service, so little consonant, it would appear, with the office of judge, attracted the notice of Henry; and Ranulph de Glanville henceforth basked in the smiles of royalty. The following extract will show how his merits were recognised :

"In the very next year he appears as a justice itinerant, his pleas being recorded not only in the county of York, but in thirteen other counties; and in 1176, one of the six circuits, into which the council of Nottingham then divided the kingdom, was appropriated to him and two others. In 1177 he was sent, with Walter de Constantus, the king's vice-chancellor, on an embassy to the Earl of Flanders; and when the council of Windsor, in 1179, re-arranged the kingdom for judicial purposes into four divisions, although most of his brethren were removed, his capacity was so conspicuous, and his integrity so unblemished, that cially selected to hear the complaints of the people in the Curia he was not only re-appointed to act in one of them, but was speRegis of Westminster.

papal remonstrance, were replaced in the next year, 1180, by Ranulph de Glanville alone; the king having now reason to feel that, whether as a lawyer, a warrior, or a statesman, he might safely be entrusted with the supreme power during his own absence from the kingdom."

Roger of Salisbury, weakened by his protracted fast, "This arrangement took place on the retirement of Richard and mortified by his losses, was, shortly after, seized de Levi from public life, whose office of chief-justiciary was supwith a quartan ague. His death, he knew, was ap- plied by the united appointment of the Bishops of Winchester, proaching; and he directed the small remainder of his Ely, and Norwich. These prelates, however, did not long conwealth to be placed on the altar of his church. Eretinue in the presidency of the court; but removed, it is said, by the breath left him, however, Stephen's rapacity had directed even this gift of piety to be seized; and Roger died with the news of the king's cupidity ringing in his ears. He was an able and liberal man; and so great was the celebrity which he acquired, that the epithet of "Magnus" is usually attached to his name. The fact of his breaking his oath of fealty to Matilda is almost the sole blot upon his reputation, and there are not wanting those who find excuses for even this act.

Thomas a-Becket has found so many biographers,

De Glanville continued to enjoy this exalted dignity until the end of that reign; and that fact alone is sufficient to prove him an able, if not a just man. But one circumstance is related, however, to show that he even swerved from the course of judicial integrity. It is said that he unjustly condemned Sir Gilbert de Plumpton of a capital crime, in order to promote the

advantageous alliance of a private friend, who sought the hand of the accused man's wealthy wife. The sentence of death, which it is said he ordered to be immediately executed, was, however, through the interference of the Bishop of Winchester, remitted, though the baronet was not released from his unjust imprisonment until the close of that reign. This story is much discredited. Indeed there is good reason to believe it untrue; and it is very unlikely that Ranulph de Glanville, after a career so honourable and success

ful, would blot his reputation by so grievous a stain. And in a work, written, some say, by the judge himself, or at all events by a contemporary, we find the

passage:

"None of the judges have so hardened a front, or so rash a presumption, as to dare to deviate, however slightly, from the path of justice, or to utter a sentence in any measure contrary to the truth."

"Walterus de Grey dat domino regi quinque millice marcas pro habenda cancellaria domini regis toto vita sua, et pro habenda inde carta domini regis, terminis, ad fertum sancti audræ anno regni Regis septimo quingentas libras, et ad Penticosten sequens quingentas libras, et sic quolibet anno mille libras ad predictos terminos donec totum persolvatur, et sciendum quod Dominus J. Norvicensis Episcopus constituit se incapitatem debitorem."

This same Walter de Grey, dearly as he paid for his elevation to the dignity of chancellor, was still more heavily taxed on his election as Archbishop of York, when he purchased the Pope's favour by a promise of ten thousand pounds sterling, a sum so considerable in those days, that a long time after his elevation he was compelled to maintain a most moderate establishment in order to amass the means of payment. This won him the character of a miser, and the whole kingdom was filled with stories of his parsimony. Among other things, it is said that during the During the ten years which formed the period of prevalence of a great famine, his avarice prompted him Ranulph de Glanville's supreme government, we find him to hoard an immense quantity of corn, which he renot only attending to his judicial and other civil duties, fused to sell at a moderate price, that the poor of but also displaying, on several occasions, no ordinary his neighbourhood might have bread. The rumour amount of military talent. A large army was led by went abroad that his granaries were the resort of inhim against the Welsh; and in the wars against || numerable snakes, serpents, and other reptiles; and it Philip of France, his services were far from being in- was even asserted that a terrible voice was heard cryconsiderable. To all appearance, and from every con ing out of the place, that no one should approachtemporary authority, it may be inferred that his rule the ricks, the corn, and the archbishop's other was moderate, and guided by discretion. The arro- possessions, with, we suppose, the archbishop himself, gance and assumption of the clergy often disgusted were the property of the devil. The belief in such him, and he had spirit enough to resent it. In a conabsurd tales is easily accounted for. People knew test which the monks of Canterbury carried on with what were the emoluments derived from this high the archbishop in 1188, they carried their insolence so office; and, not being aware that the archbishop had far, that de Glanville, irritated beyond all measure, in- contracted an immense debt, which he was honourably dignantly exclaimed, "You monks, turn your eyes to endeavouring to pay, immediately ascribed his honest Rome, and Rome alone will destroy you." Yet he parsimony to mean and sordid avarice. But Walter was not inimical to religion, for he entered fully into de Grey, far from being a miser, was most munificent the enthusiasm of the crusades, and further evinced his when his circumstances allowed him to be so; and piety by the erection and endowment of a priory and when, at length, after presiding over his see for fortyan abbey in Suffolk. Some writers have endeavoured to five years, he died, he had succeeded completely in show that the chief-justice was disgraced during the establishing a reputation for integrity and liberality. early portion of the reign of Richard the First, and that he had to pay an enormous fine in order to be relieved from prison. Mr. Foss, however,—and we agree with|| him thinks that this is not the correct statement. When the crusades were undertaken, Ranulph de Glanville joined them. His retirement from office, for a period at least, was by this rendered necessary, and he, of course, paid the sum which the king required, from all who could afford it, to assist in the prosecution of the Holy War. We now find him in company with Archbishop Baldwin, and several others, travelling towards Jerusalem, under Richard's direction; a fact which would sufficiently contradict the assertion of his disgrace.

Archbishop Baldwin and Ranulph de Glanville reached Acre. The prelate fell a victim, not, as sometimes stated, to the weapon of an enemy in battle, but to a malignant pestilence. His companion followed him to the grave, and thus cut short his brilliant and successful career. He had married into a noble family; and, leaving no male issue, divided his property among his three daughters, the wives of as many eminent judges.

Passing to the reign of John, we find Walter de Grey purchasing the office of chancellor from the king for the sum of five thousand marks :

We leave behind us a long train of judges, and come to Henry de Bathonia, whose place of birth has not been settled by his biographers. The first time, indeed, in which he appears upon the stage is in the tenth year of the reign of Henry III., when we find him acting as attorney for Warin le Despenser, in a suit against Nicholas de St. Bridget, for a debt of four marks and a half. It was many years, however, before he was advanced to the bench. His subsequent elevation was not very rapid; but he at length appears as the senior of his fellows, with a grant of £100 a year for his support in officio justiciarii. Not long after the receipt of this grant, however, he was accused by Philip Davys of bribery and extortion, it being averred that he had built up for himself a great prosperity upon the ruin of others. Four and twenty knights became sureties for his appearance. A parliament summoned for February 17, 1251, heard the case:

"The king is represented to have made proclamation calling upon every one who had any accusation against him, to bring it On the day of hearing he was charged with incensing forward. the barons against the king, and promoting a general rebellion; and, among various complaints urged against him, was one that he had received a bribe to allow a convicted criminal to escape. The vehemence of the king's anger may be estimated by his brutal exclamation, If any man will slay Henry de Bathonia, he shall not be impeached of his death; and I now pronounce his pardon!""

ships, attacked and scattered an armament of above a hundred vessels, commanded by Eustace de Moyne.

Doubtless there were many present who would have || the country. Louis of France, in May, 1216, invaded acted, and that quickly, upon this suggestion; for suc- our shores, and Hubert, by his courage and skill, threw cessful talent is never without its enemies. But John so formidable an obstacle in his way, that finding all Manvel, who possessed much influence, interfered; and endeavours unavailing, the French king sought to buy the Bishop of London threatening the vengeance of him over by promising large rewards. But Hubert's the church, with numerous others who uttered promises fidelity was as impenetrable as the walls of Dover were of temporal revenge, at length succeeded in preventing to the assaults of the invaders; and Louis, foiled at the violence. The intercession of the king's brother, every point, raised the siege, and hastened from a the Earl of Cornwall, at last procured Bathonia's pardon field where he reaped nothing but disgrace. Having at a fine of two thousand marks, the whole of which, how- driven the enemy from our shores, De Burgh, comever, he never paid. After a period of disgrace of not bining the skill of the admiral with the talents of the more than two years' duration, he again filled high judi-judge-a strange combination-with a fleet of forty cial offices, and so far on as 1260 we find him making the circuit of eight counties. At his death, which took place early in the following year, his son, through the favour of the king, was allowed to pay the arrears of the fine, by instalments of twenty-five marks at each of the yearly Exchequer terms, Michaelmas and Easter. Among the most celebrated of the judges whose lives are recorded in Mr. Foss's work, is Hubert de Burgh, a descendant of the Emperor Charlemagne. His place of birth is uncertain; all, indeed, that is known of his early years being that, while very young, he entered into the service of Richard I. Throughout the reign of this king he continued to hold office, and during the first year of John's rule he was appointed to be king's chamberlain, and is designated as such for the first time in a charter between him and William de Vernon, Earl of Devon, on his alliance with Johanna, the earl's youngest daughter, by which the Isle of Wight and Christ Church were assigned as her portion.

From this period his advancement in royal favour was rapid. The castles of Dover and Windsor were committed to his charge-an important trust; he was appointed Sheriff of Dorset and Somerset, with two deputies under him; the custody of the county and castle of Hereford was entrusted to him; besides which, he was honoured with the office of Warden of the Marches, for the defence of which the king gave him a hundred knights. In the third year of the reign of King John, he was also appointed Sheriff of Cornwall and Berkshire, and obtained a license to fortify his castle of Duvestore, in Somersetshire.

Shakspeare has painted vividly the scene in which Hubert de Burgh refuses to execute the king's cruel sentence against Arthur, Earl of Brittany, who was prisoner in the castle of Torlaise :

"This disobedience," says Mr. Foss, "and the concealment with which it was covered, seems to have been forgiven, when the murmurs of the barons on Arthur's supposed death were removed by Hubert's announcement that the king was still alive. On King John's being summoned, after the completing of the real tragedy, to answer the charge before Philip of France and his peers, Hubert was sent with Eustace, Bishop of Ely, to demand a safe conduct for his going and returning; the former of which was readily promised; but the latter, they were answered, would depend upon the judgment to be pronounced. John, not venturing to expose himself to such a risk, was condemned, for his non-appearance, to the forfeiture of his French dominions."

Few facts of importance are mentioned of de Burgh from this time, until the signing of Magna Charta at Runnymede, when he was in attendance, and was, a few days after, raised to the dignity of the chiefjusticiary of England. To this honour were added numerous others, and, among these, the custody of Dover Castle. This appointment was fortunate for

In 1219 the abilities of Hubert were acknowledged by his being created regent of the kingdom. His rule was wise and firm, though characterised by much severity. He succeeded in putting down a dangerous insurrection which broke out in London in 1222, and caused Constantine, the leader, to be hanged. He compelled the barons to surrender their castles into the king's hands, and punished Faukes de Breante, a ferocious magnate, who had acquired power during the reign of John, and who had unjustly imprisoned Henry de Braybroc, one of the judges, by destroying his castle of Bedford, hanging those who had defended it, and banishing the principal offender. When the king attained his majority, he continued Hubert as his minister, and raised him, in 1227, to the Earldom of Kent, a title which his ancestor, William, Earl of Multon, had forfeited his freedom and his life in endeavouring to recover. In the following year his office of chief-justiciary was confirmed to him for life; and numerous grants, with which he was enriched, with many responsible offices which were entrusted to him, were proofs of the influence he possessed over the mind of the king.

A favourite never fails in creating enemies. Hubert de Burgh was no exception to this rule. The barons were jealous of him, and he was not wholly exempt from the flame of rapacious avarice. Loud complaints rose against him, and insinuations were constantly poured into King Henry's ear. The chief justice grew unpopular. A castle which he erected, partially, with the design of overawing the Welsh, but never finished, was nicknamed "Hubert's Folly." But his ministry was successful; he was strong in the king's favour, and seemed likely to enjoy a long and prosperous career. But an accident had well-nigh terminated his ministry. The king, in September, 1229, collected a vast army at Portsmouth, with the design of reconquering his French dominions. When he was prepar ing to start, he found such scanty means of naval transport prepared, that, enraged, he called Hubert an old traitor, charged him with receiving a bribe from France, and would have slain him on the spot with his own hand, had not the Earl of Chester interfered to prevent the act. Hubert's period of disgrace, however, was brief, and he was restored to place and power, and, for some time, went on in his usual career, basking in the favour of his royal master.

But suspicion had become rooted in the king's mind, and it was not easy entirely to eradicate it. De Burgh was charged with having connived at certain depredations against the Italian clergy; and numerous disturbances which agitated the Welsh frontier were

attributed to his incapacity. An eminent rival was || Here he remained until the following year; when, it elevated to an important place. Hubert saw the ap-coming to his knowledge that his old enemy, Peter de proach of ruin and disgrace. Defalcations in the pub. lic treasury were charged against him; and, at length, on the 29th July, 1229, he was removed from office, and Stephen de Segrave nominated in his place. While he remained in power his enemies held back, watching what turn events would take. When he fell, they all rushed forward, and showered their accusations around the royal ears.

Rupitin, was about to obtain the custody of his person, he sought the means of escape, and, dropping from the wall into the moat, took refuge in the church of St. John, at Devizes. But he was dragged from the altar, and would have fared but ill had not the bishops interfered and compelled the king to restore him to the sanctuary. Here he intended to die of starvation, and would have accomplished his purpose had not a body of armed men, overpowering the guard which surrounded the church, borne him away into Wales, and placed him under the protection of the Earl of Pembroke, then in arms against the king. He was outlawed, his lands forfeited, and it appeared probable that he would end his life in beggary and disgrace.

One friend alone remained faithful to him; while all those who had flattered and professed attachment to him while in prosperity, fell away when he sunk beneath the weight of jealousy, malice, and popular anger. The one faithful friend was Henry, Archbishop of Dublin, who had the courage to interfere in his behalf. But his efforts were fruitless. The king's But Peter de Rupitin incurred the king's jealousy mind was inflamed against his former favourite, and and auger, and fell from his high place. A reconciliahe issued proclamations calling upon all who had any tion, in which Hubert de Burgh was included, was accusations against him to bring them forward. Hu- then effected between the barons and the sovereign, bert was alarmed, and dared not meet his accusers. who restored them their forfeited lands. De Burgh, He took refuge in the sanctuary of the church. Or- however, resigned his title to the office of chief-jusders were issued to the Mayor of London to bring him ticiary. Once, in a measure, reinstated in his position, thence, dead or alive. Twenty thousand men rose, with his loyalty was never more conspicuous than during arms in their hands, to obey the sovereign's command. the period which succeeded his disgrace. All the wrongs But such a multitude was deemed dangerous. The he had endured, all the violence and insult he had suforders were recalled, and the Archbishop of Dublin fered, all the sequestrations of his property which had succeeded in obtaining for him a respite until the fol- been made, could not alienate him from his duty; and lowing Epiphany, with a license to visit his wife at St. when Henry III. was in danger from the confederacy Edmund's Bury :of the barons under Richard, the king's brother, Hu bert de Burgh alone stood faithfully by the side of his old master. But so often had the royal confidence been shaken, that it was now easily destroyed. The mar riage of Hubert's eldest daughter with Richard, Earl of Gloucester, was an offence; and, a short time after, a new quarrel being excited, old ones were renewed, and de Burgh stood upon his trial for eight articles alleged against him. In the eyes of justice he cleared himself, but in the eyes of prejudice he was guilty, and four of his castles, that he escaped the consequences of it was only by making a peace-offering to the king, of an unjust sentence.

"Resting on his journey thither, at a house in Essex, belonging to the Bishop of Norwich, the king, fearful of the consequences of his being at large, despatched Godfrey de Erancombe, and three hundred soldiers, with positive injunctions to arrest him. Hearing of their approach, Hubert rose from his bed, and, naked as he was, fled to the altar of the church, where he was found by his pursuers, with a crucifix in one hand, and the host in the other. They dragged him from his refuge, and binding him to a horse, conveyed him to the Tower of London. Hubert, however, while suffering this harsh treatment, had the consolation of hearing a smith, who was called upon to prepare fetters for his legs, refuse to provide them for one who had done so much service to his country, and had been so loyal and constant.

"His imprisonment in the Tower did not last long, for the king, under the Bishop of London's threat of excommunication, for violating the sanctity of the church, was compelled to replace his captive in the asylum he had chosen. The church was then encircled and besieged, so that being deprived of food and the means of escape, Hubert was at last obliged to surrender himself, and return to his prison in the Tower. The Archbishop of Dublin's overtures could only obtain authority to offer him the choice of abjuring the realm, perpetual imprisonment, or confessing himself a traitor, and putting himself at the king's mercy. He at once rejected all these conditions, but replied, that though he had done nothing deserving his present treatment, he would, for the satisfaction of the king, retire from the kingdom, although he would not abjure it."

Being called upon to give authority to the king's treasurer to take possession of an immense sum of money, which was under the charge of the Knights Templars, and which they refused to deliver up without his order, he at once consented; saying that he himself, and all he had, were at the king's disposal. This submission somewhat modified Henry's anger; and he allowed the fallen favourite to retain his patrimonial inheritance and the lands he held of mesne lords, forfeiting those that he held in chief from the king. He was ordered to be kept in safe custody in the castle of Devizes, under the charge of four earls.]

Hubert de Burgh now retired from public life. It was useless for him to endeavour to regain the position he had lost, and after a few years of peace he died at Birnotead, in Surrey; the latest and most obscure por tion of his life having been the most calm and happy. Mr. Foss speaks highly of his worth, and expresses it as his opinion, that no better summary of his virtues and ability could be pronounced than that uttered by the Essex blacksmith who refused to lock the fetters on his limbs :

Who

Do what you please with me; I would rather die than put fetters on him. Is he not the faithful and magnanimous Hubert, reigners, and restored England to England? Who served his who hath so often snatched England from the ravages of fo sovereign, King John, so firmly and faithfully in Gascony, Normandy, and elsewhere, so that he was sometimes compelled to eat horse-flesh, his very enemies admiring his constancy? preserved Dover, the key of England, against the King of France, and all his power? Who secured our safety, by subduing our enemies at sea? What shall I say to his great exploits at Lincoln and at Bedford? May God be judge between him and you for such unjust and inhuman treatment-repaying him evil for good, even the vilest for the best.”

There is a discussion afloat as to whether Hubert's three children were by his last wife Margaret, or whether either of his former wives ever was a mother;

but this, we imagine, is of little consequence, and we | modern times, we make no doubt that the interest will willingly leave the question as it is, so far as we our- increase in proportion as the age approaches nearer to selves are concerned. De Burgh lies buried within our own. The book is, we think, not without its the Church of Blackfriars, in Holborn. faults; but these faults are few, and are traceable chiefly to the anthor's partiality for his subject, which not unfrequently tends to the derangement of a mature plan. If Mr. Foss can manage to collect more particular details concerning the career of those dignitaries of the law whose lives are really interest

We shall borrow no more from Mr. Foss's able and interesting work. In the account he gives of the history, the rise, and formation of the various courts of law, we have not entered, for the subject is sufficiently large to occupy a separate article, and our space does not at present admit of that. Nor haveing, and omit some of the unimportant facts about we treated the author well, in a professional manner, those of whom no really interesting records exist, he having been content to glean from it a few interesting will improve the character of his future volumes. As facts concerning the lives of some of the early English it is, "the Judges of England" is an excellent book, judges-facts which are known to very few readers.and will, without doubt, be appreciated, as well by the public at large, as by the members of the legal pro

Mr. Foss will probably extend his work to nine or ten volumes; and when he brings his lives down to more

fession.

MIRANDA: A TALE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

BOOK III.

THE 10TH AUGUST AND THE 2D SEPTEMBER.

CHAPTER XII.

THE GRAVE-DIGGER.

small house opposite, at which two men in heavy cloaks and slouched hats were knocking.

"One of those men is M. Broun," said Gracchus, in a low whisper.

"Some villany, I doubt not," replied Charles. "That man has a most intense hatred of his old masters, the nobles."

"But the other?"

"Is Hebert of the Commune."
"Let us watch them."

At this instant a man came to the door.

"It is our landlord, the grave-digger," said Gracchus, with a shudder.

"My God!" cried Charles, "the Republic is about to be stained by some great villany."

"Poor Republic!" said Antiboul, sadly; "and it will be held answerable for the monstrositics of a few villains." "But we must watch these men, and discover their purpose," replied Charles, solemnly.

The two men spoke to the grave-digger, who went in, brought out his tools, and prepared to follow them. "Let us go," said Charles.

"Come."

But he thought that it was necessary to strike his ene-
mies with terror by an act of unheard of audacity. He
decided on one which was both audacious and atrocious.
Danton, Petion, Marat, Santerre, Maillard, Tallien-
the men who pretended to overthrow Robespierre from a
spirit of clemency—these were the authors of the Septem-ger of the Church of St. Jacques du Haut Pas.
ber massacre.

Charles Clement and Gracchus Antiboul had in vain sought the freedom of the Duke and Adela. Robespierre himself had asked it of the Commune; but Danton had | refused. The two young men had taken a lodging near the Church of St. Jacques du Haut Pas, and had left the women in the Rue Dominique.

Miranda had opened her saloon, as they had agreed, to the members of the liberal party.

It was the 28th August, at six in the morning, and Charles Clement, with Gracchus, had risen early to wander round the prison of the Abbaye, to which Adela and the Duke had been removed.

They looked out of the window, and their eyes fell on a

And next minute the two friends were in the street, following the agents of the Commune and the grave-dig.

They were some distance before them, walking quietly. The two friends kept close up against the wall, and hurried on their track.

"Merciful God!" whispered Charles, "what can this mean?''

66

I know not, and yet my blood runs cold." "Danton is at the bottom of this. That man will ruin the Revolution."

"Pity, that with genius that man has so little heart or principle. Power, money, applause, pleasure, is all he

cares for."

"But where do they lead us?" asked Charles, in a low, busky whisper.

1

"To the catacombs!" replied Gracchus Antiboul, and