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Explanation of the pauses and other marks.

A comma, requires that the reader stop, while he could pronounce one syllable.

A simicolon, requires double the pause of a comma. : A colon, requires that the reader should stop while he could pronounce three syllables.

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A period, finishes a sentence, and requires a fall of
voice, and a pause equal to the time of pronouncing
four syllables.

An interrogation point, is placed after a question; as
Who is that?

An exclamation point, is placed after a word or sen-
tence expressing wonder, surprise, joy, or any sud-
den and violent emotion of the mind.

These two points, require a pause equal to that of the period, but no fall of the voice.

(A parenthesis, includes an occasional remark, whick serves to illustrate the author's meaning, but is not necessary for the grammatical construction of the sentence :-It should be read quicker and with a - lower tone of voice.

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An apostrophe, marks the possessive case, as,John's book: or, it denotes a contraction, as, us'd for used; I'll for I will.

A quotation includes a passage taken from some other author in his own words.

A hyphen, shows that the syllables separated by it, belong together; it is used mostly when words are

divided at the end of a line.

A The caret, is used only in writing; it shows the place where a letter, word, or sentence, omitted by mistake, should be inserted.

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The accent, shows that the greatest stress of voice
should be on the syllable over which it is placed.
A dash, placed before a quotation, shows that only
a part of a sentence is quoted; between letters, it
shows that a part of the word is omitted, as, K-g
for king at the end of a sentence, it denotes an ab-
rupt pause.

An index, points to a remarkable passage.

A paragraph, begins a new subject.

An asterisk, and other references, point to a note in the margin, at the foot of a page.

[] Crotchets, include a word or sentence inserted for explanation.

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ax is

ax es

ba sis

ba ses

cri sis

cri ses

Irregular Plurals.

lan tith e sis an tithe ses

ar ca numar ca na cri te ri on cri te ri a

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in ter cede

de ceive

con tra dict

cre a ting

de ceiv ing

cre a ted

de ceiv ed

con tra dict ing con tra dict ed in ter ce ding in ter ce ded

Participles from irregular verbs.

bring

bring ing

brought

bind

bind ing

bound

be gin

be gin ningbe gun

build

build ing

built

drive

dri ving

driv en

show

show ing

shown

shine

shin ing

shone

make

mak ing

made

smite

smi ting

smit ten

sink

sink ing

sunk

teach

teach ing

taught

speak

speak ing

spo ken

write

wri ting

writ ten

think

think ing

spend

weave

slay

spend ing

wear ing

thought

spent

wo ven

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By adding en denoting the matter of which any thing is made,

earth

earth en

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oak

oak en

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fruit ful

By adding ful denoting abundance.

de ceit deceit ful disgrace disgraceful de light de light ful dis trust dis trust ful

fruit
mer cy mer ci ful
re spect re spect ful
re venge re venge ful

By adding some denoting fulness.

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Ish added to adjectives, denotes a slight quality: added to nouns, it denotes similarity.

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selfish ly

selfish ness

fa vour a ble fa vour a bly fa vour a ble ness

coarse

coarse ly

coarse ness

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