The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Volume 4

2cnd ablaut absolutive actant adding the suffix adjectives adverbs agreement Aorist aspect Basic stem Budukh Chechen class marker consonant Const converb copula dative deleted denotes derived diphthongs direct object durative ending ergative example factitive father focus gemination formed by adding gemination gender class genitive Georgian gerund glottal he-ERG he-NOM head noun I-ERG imperative imperfective infinitive infix inflection Ingush instance interrogative intransitive Khinalug Kryts labialized language lexically Lezgian Lezgian languages locative main clause masdar meaning mood morpheme mother negation negative nominative noun phrase oblique stem obstruent occur paradigm participle particle past perfective aspect personal pronouns pharyngealized phonemes plural position postpositions preceding predicate prefix preverb reflexivization relative clauses Rutul semantic sentence sing singular someone speaker subordinate substantivized suffix suona suppletive syllable thematic transitive Tsakhur Tsova-Tush umlaut valence verb forms verb roots verbal noun voiceless word order word-final