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To which we may add, their want of judging abilities, and also their want of opportunity to apply such a serious consideration as may let them into the true goodness and evil of things, which are qualities, which seldom display themselves to the first view. South.

Vanity is the foundation of the most ridiculous and contemptible vices, the vices of affectation and common lying; follies which, if experience did not teach us how common they are, one should imagine the least spark of common sense would save us from. Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments.

The word which, in the last example, that ought to have a pause before it, has one after it; this latter pause is certainly proper, as a member intervenes between which and the governing words, and printers never fail placing this last pause, but almost as uniformly neglect a pause before the relative in this situation, though the pause before will be acknowledged by every judicious ear to be as necessary in the one case as in the other. A pause before these relatives ought never to be omitted, as we are certain by this pause never to hurt the sense, and are sure to gain time, breath, and foresight to proceed. The uncertainty of printers in this essential pause may be guessed at, from the punctuation of a passage which follows that which I have just quoted.

The foolish liar, who endeavours to excite the admiration of the company by the relation of adventures which never had any existence, the important coxcomb, who gives himself airs of rank and distinction which he well knows he has no just pretensions to, are both of them no doubt pleased with the applause which they fancy they meet with. Ib. P. 192. In this passage we only see a pause before the first relative; but why that is distinguished it is not very easy to guess.

This rule is of greater extent than at first appears; for there are several words usually called

adverbs, which include in them the power of the relative pronoun*, and will therefore admit of a pause before them: such as when, why, wherefore, how, where, whither, whether, whence, while, till, or until: for when is equivalent to the time at which; why or wherefore is equivalent to the reason for which; and so of the rest. It must, however, be noted, that when a preposition comes before one of these relatives, the pause is before the preposition; and that if any of these words are the last word of the sentence, or clause of a sentence, that no pause is admitted before them; as, I have read the book, of which I have heard so much commendation, but I know not the reason why. I have heard one of the books much commended, but I cannot tell which, &c.

It must likewise be observed, that, if the substantive which governs the relative, and makes it assume the genitive case, comes before it, no pause is to be placed either before which, or the preposition that governs it.

EXAMPLE.

The passage of the Jordan is a figure of baptism, by the grace of which, the new-born Christian passes from the slavery of sin into a state of freedom peculiar to the chosen sons of God. Abridgement of the Bible.

RULE XIV. When that is used as a causal conjunction, it ought always to be preceded by a short pause.

EXAMPLES.

The custom and familiarity of these tongues do sometimes so far influence the expressions in these epistles, that one may observe the force of the Hebrew conjugations.

*See Ward's English Grammar, 4to.

Locke

There is the greater necessity for attending to this rule, as we so frequently find it neglected in printing. For fear of crowding the line with points, and appearing to clog the sense to the eye, the ear is often defrauded of her unquestionable rights. I shall give two instances, among a thousand, that might be brought to show where this is the case.

I must therefore desire the reader to remember that, by the pleasures of the imagination, I mean only such pleasures as arise originally from sight. Spect. N° 411.

It is true, the higher nature still advances, and, by that means, preserves his distance and superiority in the scale of being; but he knows that, how high soever the station is of which he stands possessed at present, the inferior nature will at length mount up to it, and shine forth in the same degree of glory. Spect. N° 111.

In these examples, we find the incidental member succeeding the conjunction that is separated from it by a pause; but the pause which ought to precede this conjunction is omitted: this punctuation runs through our whole typography, and is the more culpable, as the insertion of the pause after that, where it is less wanted than before, is more apt to mislead the reader than if he saw no pause at all.

RULE XV. When the adjective follows the substantive, and is succeeded either by another adjective, or words equivalent to it, which form what may be called a descriptive phrase, it must be separated from the substantive by a short pause.

EXAMPLES.

He was a man, learned and polite.

It is a book, exquisite in its kind.

It was a calculation, accurate to the last degree.

That no pause is to be admitted between the substantive and the adjective in the inverted order, when the adjective is single, or unaccompanied by adjuncts, is evident by the following example from Pope:

Of these the chief the care of nations own,

And guard with arms divine the British throne. For the reason of this, see Elements of Elocution, page 23.

Those who have not considered this subject very attentively, will, I doubt not, imagine, that I have inserted above twice the number of points that are necessary; but those who are better acquainted with the art, will, I flatter myself, agree with me that a distinct, a deliberate, and easy pronunciation, will find employment for every one of them. Much undoubtedly will depend upon the turn of voice, with which we accompany these points; and, if this is but properly adapted, the sense will be so far from suffering by so many pauses, that it will be greatly improved and enforced. And this leads us to a consideration of one of the most important parts of delivery; which is, the slide or inflexion of voice with which every sentence, member of a sentence, and even every word, is necessarily pronounced; without a knowledge of this it will be impossible to speak intelligibly of the interrogation, exclamation, and parenthesis, which seem distinguished from other sentences more by a peculiar inflexion of voice than by pausing; nor can accent and emphasis be completely understood without considering them as connected with a certain turn or inflexion of voice; and this must be the next object of our inquiry.

Audible Punctuation.

As describing such sounds upon paper as have no definite terms appropriated to them, like those of music, is a new and difficult task, the reader must be requested to as nice an attention as possible to those sounds or inflexions of voice which spontaneously annex themselves to certain forms of speech, and which, from their familiarity, are apt to be unnoticed. If experience were out of the question, and we were only acquainted with the organic formation of human sounds, we must necessarily distinguish them into five kinds: namely, The monotone, or one sound, continuing a perceptible time in one note, which is the case with all musical sounds; a sound beginning low and sliding higher without any perceptible intervals, or beginning high and sliding lower in the same manner; which is essential to all speaking sounds: the two last of these may be called simple slides or inflexions; and these may be so combined as to begin with that which rises and ends with that which falls, or to begin with that which falls and ends with that which rises; and if this combination of inflexion is pronounced with one impulse or explosion of the voice, it may not improperly be called the circumflex or compound inflexion; and these are the only possible modifications the human voice is susceptible of. For first, if there is no turn of voice, it must continue in a monotone; secondly, if the voice be inflected, it must be either upwards or downwards, and so produce either the rising or falling inflexion; thirdly, if these two be united on

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