In order to fhew the danger refulting to fociety from an excefs of population, and from the extenfion of commerce, (for that is also a doctrine held by our author,) he fhould have proved that there were more perfons in exiftence than could have their wants fupplied by the culture of the earth; and that commerce, by engaging the labours of men in another channel, was the caufe of preventing a fufficient degree of cultivation. The latter affertion is indeed made, but without any appearance of proof to fubftantiate it. The contrary fact is fo notorious, that it is unneceffary here to point out the operation of commerce in increafing the productions of the earth; and with regard to the opinion that cultivation is neglected in confequence of men engaging in commerce, the truth may be, that they are obliged to engage in commerce, becaufe cultivation will not find them employment. Let it be confidered that a few men, by their labour in the field, can furnith provifion for an immenfe number of courfe, the cultivation of the ground can give employment but to a fmall part of fociety.

Refpecting the danger of an excefs of population, it does not follow, as our author feems to fuppofe, that, because London or Paris may have more inhabitants than the ground on which London or Paris ftands can fupply with provifions, therefore the population of England or France is exceflive or dangerous. Though neither London nor Paris grows corn, each produces manufactures, for which other parts of the country will barter their provifion; and if England and France do not poffefs ground fufficient for the purpose of bartering, Europe does: Afia, Africa, and America do. In fine, if we were to affign a limit to the increase of population, we should fay that it was not exceffive till the whole of our earth was cultivated, and till its produce was found infufficient for the wants of the inhabitants. -Far different views, however, prefent themfelves to the eye of Signor GIULIANI: he fees nothing but the approach of ruin in the increase of mankind; and the catastrophe of the tragedy muft long fince have been finished, had not Providence ordained that man, wanting, as in the cafe of other animals, a variety of different fpecies to prey on his life, fhould take into his own hands the work of thinning the world; and, by fighting, one against another, keep population within bounds; while, by deftroying, from time to time, the fuperfluous number, he fhould make room for the entrance of fresh generations.-Hence, then, the utility and abfolute neceffity of wars! Hence, ftanding armies and other military eftablishments are in reality a part of the economy of nature, to retard the too quick fucceffion of generations! Thus the deftruction of our fellow-creatures forms likewife a part of nature's harmony; and a state of war, APP. REV. VOL. IX.

which

which commenced with the world, is the ftate natural and fuitable to man, and will continue to the end of it! Does any one doubt the truth of thefe deductions? Let him look at the practice of different nations who expofe, deftroy, or fell, their children. Wife people! Enlightened favages! They follow the true dictates and laws of God and nature! We, bafe and ignorant race, corrupted by prejudices and reafonings, difregard them, and preferve our progeny. Far more rational are the Chinese; who, being defended by their wall from the falutary devastations of the Tartars, grant to parents the indulgence of expofing their fuperfluous brats! Far wifer are the inhabitants of Africa; their trade in human flesh is an instrument in the hands of nature; and the tutelary deity of their continent is a flave-merchant.

Such is the ground-work and bafis of Signor GIULIANI'S fyftem: the fuperftructure is as perishable as the foundation is rotten: he has erected his houfe on the fand.

ART. XV. CAROLI A LINNÉ, equitis aurati de Stella polari, &c. Syftema Nature per Regna tria Natura, fecundum Claffes, Genera, Ordines, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Curá Jo. FRID. GMELIN, Philof. et Med. Doctor. Hujus et Chem. in Georgia Augufta Prof. P. O. Acad. Cæfar. Natura curioforum et electoral. Moguntin. Erfordenfis. necnon Societ Reg. Scient. Goettingenfis, Phyfica Tigurin, et Metallica Membri. 8vo. 5 Vols. Lipfiæ. 1788-91.

London, White.

A

WORK fo voluminous, as this is now become, could not be expected to start forth, like Minerva from Jupiter's brain, at once, in complete form. Part after part has made its appearance in regular fucceffion; and although we have not yet feen the whole work entire, we understand that it either is fo, or will be fo very fhortly. The firft part of the Vegetabilia appeared in 1791; the fecond part, and the minerals, which close the whole, may therefore be expected without delay.

In the republication of works of this kind, two rare qualities are to be expected in the editor:-great industry, and great judgment. Great industry is requifite to bring together all that has been made known fince the publication of the former edition: a labour of no common fort:-for who can have either leifure or opportunity to examine all the partial publications which have taken place in the coile tanea of the many focieties in Europe, or the feparate productions of the learned in various parts of the world? Above all, great judgment is necessary to diftinguish and arrange the materials thus brought together from their feveral difperfions.

Oa

On the score of induftry, the very fight of thefe volumes will award to Dr. GMELIN the first palm-no new work, of any confequence, having been made public, which he does not appear to have examined with great care, and to have incorporated into his edition. We believe that there will be no doubt on this head.

All compilers are queftionable with respect to judgment. When an author profeffedly details every thing that has been advanced by others, he must be fenfible of the danger of retailing errors as well as corrections; and, while he labours to be full and competent in his obfervations, he may obfcure is fubject, or at leaft may not fatisfy the wishes of the feveral expectants in the different branches of his work. Here Dr. GMELIN will fail; and indeed we may afk, who would not? It would require another LINNÉ, perhaps more than another, to efcape from this ordeal trial. Many articles are here described two or three times over, under different names ;-Dr. GMELIN not being aware what the subject was of which the feveral authors (whom, on the compiling fyftem, he neceffarily quoted,) were treating. This is particularly obfervable in the Vegetabilia. Again, the adding the Fabrician divifions of infects to the Linnéan, can throw but little light on the fubject: for who that is studying on the plain, eafy, and natural divifions of Linné, will relish being forced to the examination of the intricate minuteness of the parts of the mouth, to complete his knowlege of any genus? yet we fhall have this difficulty perpetually occurring.-It is to be lamented, that all the new fubjects introduced could not have been given in Linnéan terms, and defcribed after the Linnéan method.

A new class of vermes is introduced:-the infuforia:—but is the character fufficient? Vermes minimi fimpliores. Thefe, however, are nicetics.-The young ftudent will look with amazement at this collection of the numerous productions of nature, wonderful paft all defcription! Dr. GMELIN has brought them forward, and is entitled to the thanks of every naturalift. Let others amend what they fee amifs in him, and they will have our thanks too:-for we will fay to all lovers of natural history, in the name of Dr. GMELIN,

-Si quid novifti rečius iftis,
Candidus imperti, fi non, bis utere mecum.

* We cannot help wondering that, when Dr. GMELIN republishes this great work, and quotes all the whole world to illuftrate it, he does not quote Linné's own former edition; by which He might have been enabled to difcern, without farther trouble, which were the old Linnéan articles, and which are the later additions.

w

Good-h.

ART. XVI. Saggio di Memorie fu la Tipographia Parmenfe del Secolo xv. &c. i. e. An hillorical Effay on the Typography of Parma in the Fifteenth Century. By Father IRENEO AFFO', Fellow of the Royal Academy of Parma, &c. 4to. pp. 112. Parma. 1791. Molini, London. Price 3s. 6d.

THE learned Father has here taken great pains to afcertain the labours of his countrymen in promoting the art of printing. The first introduction of this noble art into Milan is attributed to Antonio Zarotto, the fon of Simon Zarotto of Parma-while Parma had no prefs of its own. This honour, however, is difputed with him by Filippo di Lavagna, who, in a book printed at Milan in 1473, calls himself the first introducer of printing at that place. In anfwer, it is argued that Lavagna was merely a merchant who advanced money to carry on that businefs; a trader, who knew nothing of the art: while Zarotto was a real artificer, who brought the knowlege of the art into the country, and practifed it there.-Zarotto entered into a partnership at Milan, June 4, 1472, in which he had the management of the printing bufinefs. He had before, in 1470, publifhed a Terence. He was a man of eminence in his line; and was one of the first who printed Greek letters, which, at that time, were generally inferted with a pen. He is alfo faid to be the first who printed Miffals.

Having thus fhewn that Parma furnished the first artist who practifed printing in Milan, our author next traces the introduction of the art into Parma itself. This event he supposes to have happened about the year 1472. He denies, however, that the works of Baldus were printed there, either, as has been contended, in 1472, without a printer's name, or in 1473 per Stephanum Corallum, The first book printed at Parma was by Andrea Portilia, 1473. It was intitled, Comenti di Francefes Filelfo fu i Trionfi del Petrarca. The circumftance of his being the firit who exercised this art at Parma, has an allusion made to it in an epigram at the end of the book, where the epithet dedalicus is applied to him:

Hac nam dedalicus pofuit Portilia Parme

Andreas, Patria gloria magna fuæ.

Corallo was the competitor of Partilia in Parma; where he first published the Achilleid of Statius in 1473. Corallo left Parma about the year 1477, and Portilia, about 1484. Diefebo Olivieri fucceeded; and after him came Angela, the fon of Ilario Ugoleto, who died about the year 1499, leaving his types. to Francefco Ugoleto. Some other artifts, who are mentioned by De la Caille, &c. do not appear to have exercised their talents at Parma:-fuch are Michele Manzolino, and Matteo Caprafo, or Capocafo.

Aftes

After this hiftorical account of the printers who established themselves in Parma, the author gives a catalogue of their works, to the end of the 15th century. Thefe are fifty in number.

As a fpecimen of the great perfection to which, in point of elegance, (under which term, correctness must be included,) the prefs of Parma is arrived, we have now before us one of its lateft productions, viz. an edition, in royal quarto, of CalEmachus, in the original Greek, with an Italian verfion, 1792. Co' Tipi Bodoniani: imported by Molini. We never faw a more beautiful impreffion of any Greek claffic, with respect not only to the paper and type, but also to the prefs-work:-but we propofe, hereafter, to give a more particular account of it in a feparate article.

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ART. XVII. De Florentina Juntarum Typographia, &c. i. e. A Hiftory of Printing, under the Direction of the Junta in Florence, &c. By ANGELO MARIA BANDINI, Member of feveral Academies. 8vo. Two Parts. pp. 144, and 281. Lucca. 1791. Molini, London. Price 2s. 6d.

THIS is an entertaining and ufeful book. The author gives

not only an account of the family of Junta or Giunta, and of the works published by them, but he also enters into the history of the feveral learned men who fuperintended the publications, and prepared them for the prefs. He has rendered his work more valuable by extracting, from the prefaces added to the early editions, fuch parts as tend to elucidate the history of literature and typography. The whole exhibits a good view of the progrefs of the art of printing in Florence, from about the year 1480 till near the close of the fixteenth century.

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ART. XVIII. Serie dell' Edizioni Aldine, &c. i. e. A Catalogue of the Aldine Editions, arranged in Chronological and Alphabetical Order. 2d Edition. 12mo. PP. 182. Padua. 1790. Molini, London. Price 25.

T HIS catalogue of the books publifhed by the Aldi begins with the year 1494, when the elder Aldus is faid to have printed at Venice his first book, bearing a date; and is continued to the end of the fixteenth century. The author is aware that many mistakes may unavoidably be admitted into a work of this fort. On the whole, however, it appears to be executed with diligence and fidelity.

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