As apothecaries or chemists seldom keep troy weight beyond four or eight ounces, the relation between the apothecary or troy pounds and ounces and the common weight is often required in preparing the officinal preparations, and is here given; the quarter ounce being used instead of the avoirdupois drachm, as the latter weight is seldom or never kept by chemists or dispensers.

The Cyathus, or cup Hemina, or cotyle Libra, or pint

Sextarius, or of a congius Congius, or gallon

108 oz

In 1720, when the Pharmacopoeia was improved by Sir Hans Sloane and Dr. Quincy, the liquids were ordered by measure, and the gallon adopted by the London College was that just enacted for wine and spirituous liquors, containing 231 cubic inches, divided into eight pints; they divided the pint, which holds sixteen avoirdupois ounces, ten drachms, seventeen grains of water, into sixteen ounces, and these into eight drachms. Smaller quantities were ordered by drops, supposed to be equal to grains; but now the dram measure is divided into sixty minims, and graduated tubes used to measure them, so that the old divisions of the avoirdupois ounce were, and are still retained in respect to liquids.

Aeriform fluids are measured by cubic inches. The relation between wine measure, with the college divisions, and cubic inches, is thus expressed.

Wine and Medical Measure.

Cubic 1000th inches. parts. 2310.000

lb.

oz.

qr.

100

82

4

2

31.250

50

41

2

30

24

10

3

Although the quarter ounce is only 109 grains 375, it will be convenient in adding two or more of these reductions together to take the even 110 grains as its value.

The Scotch pound trone is equal to 9600 grains Scotch troy weight, or 9527 grains English ·25: the Scotch Dutch troy pound is equal to 7680 Scotch grains, or 7620 grains English 8: both pounds are divided into sixteen ounces, the ounce Dutch equal to 476 grains English 3.

Besides the regular weights, articles are sometimes quoted by the weight of seeds or kernels, as the weight of a nutmeg, or of so many black pepper corns. In India they use the paddy weight, or that of the grains of rough rice, each of which is equal to about 2-5ths of a grain; the gulivindum weight, or that of a jumble bead, equal to about one grain; the retti weight, equal to about two grains Gold coins are sometimes used, as the gold fanam weight equal to eight grains; the star pagoda weight equal to about eighty-four grains.

54.375

36.250

18.125

85.000

42.500

21.250

10 gallons .

5

10.625

1155.000

693.000

57.750

28.875

21.645

14.437

7.218

3.609

1.804

The Scotch pint is equal to forty-one ounces trone of Tay water, or fifty-five ounces troy of Leith water; specific gravity of Tay water 100, of Leith water 103.

Ale and beer measure is seldom mentioned by medical or chemical writers; the gallon contains 282 cubic inches; thirty-two gallons are a London barrel of ale, thirty-four a country barrel of either ale or beer, and thirty-six a London barrel of beer. Nor is dry measure often used; the Winchester bushel, of eight gallons, measures 2150 cubic inches 4, or one cubic foot 822, and the quarter eight bushels.

The imperial gallon, lately added to the others in use, is established by the weight of distilled water it will hold at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer standing at thirty inches.

The gallon is to hold ten avoirdupois pounds of water, and must consequently measure 277 cubic inches .274.

The pint is to hold twenty avoirdupois ounces, and should of course measure thirty-four cubic inches '659.

The avoirdupois ounce measure of water is therefore one cubic inch 73298.

The troy ounce of water measures one cubic inch 9013214.

The weight of a cubic inch of water is 252 grains 456; and that of a cubic foot is sixty-two avoirdupois pounds 3206.

A cubic foot of air, or 1728 cubic inches, weighs 528 troy grains 367, or one avoirdupois ounce, three drachms, eight grains -23.

Besides these measures, other irregular measures of uncertain content, are used :A table spoonful, cochlearium magnum, of syrup 3.

of distilled waters 3iijfs to 31. of spirits and tinctures 3ij to 3iij. A dessert spoonful, cochlearium mediocre, of water 3ij. A tea or coffee spoonful, cochlearium parvum, of syrup 3j to 3ij.

of distilled waters 9jfs to ij.
of spirit and tinctures ǝj to jf.
of a light powder, as magnesia,
efs to ǝj.

of a heavy powder, as sulphur,
9jfs to ǝij.

of a metallic oxide 3j to

iiij.

A thimbleful, clypeola metallica pro digitis, is usually the same as a tea spoonful.

A tea-cup, vasculum pro theâ, Ziij to ziv.
A wine glass, scyphus pro vino, cyathus, 3jfs.

APPENDIX IV.

A List of ABBREVIATIONS taken from the PUPIL'S PHARMACOPIA by MR. MAUGHAM. An exceedingly useful publication for medical students whose knowledge of Latin is not extensive.

▲, or āā.—avo, ana, signifies of each. It is placed after two or more substances, thus:

R. Tincturæ lavandulæ,
cinnamoni, aa 3ij.

i. e. take of tincture of lavender, ana of tincture of cinnamon, of each two drachms. Abdom.-Abdomen, the belly.

Abs. febr.-Absente febre, the fever being absent.
Ad 2 vic.-Ad duas vices, at two takings.

Ad gr. acid.—Ad gratam aciditātem, to an agre acidity.

Ad libit. Ad libitum, at pleasure. Add.-Adde, add; addantur, let them be added; ad dendus, to be added.

Admov.-Admoveatur, let it be applied; admovean tur, let them be applied.

Adst. febre-Adstante febre, the fever being present. Aggred. febre-Aggrediente febre, the fever coming

on.

Altern. horis-Alternis horis, at every other hour. Alvo adst.-Alvo adstricto, the belly or bowels being

bound.

Aq. bull-Aqua bulliens, boiling water.
Aq. ferv.-Aqua fervens, boiling water.
Bis ind.-Bis indies, twice daily.
BB. Bbds.-Barbadensis, Barbadoes.
Bull.-Bulliat, let it boil; bulltant, let them boil.
Carul. Ceruleus, blue.

Cap. or Capt.-Capiat, let him take, [i. e. let the pttient take.]

C. m.-Cras mane, to-morrow morning.
Coch. ampl.—Cochleāre amplum, a large spoonful.
Coch. infant.-Cochleare infantis, a child's spoonful
Coch. magn.-Cochleare magnum, a large spoonfu
Cock. mod.-Cochleare modicum, a middling-szi
spoonful, i. e. a dessert spoonful.

Coch. parv.—Cochleāre parvum, a little spoonful, a
tea-spoonful.
Colat.-Colatur, let it be strained.
Col.-Colatus, strained.
Colat.-Colature, of or to the strained [liquor.]
Colent.-Colentur, let them be strained.
Comp.-Compositus, compound.

Cont. rem.-Continuentur remedia, let the medita

be continued.

Coq.-Coque, boil; or, coquantur, let them [i, e, th
ingredients] be boiled.
Crast.-Crastinus, of to-morrow.
Cuj.-Cujus, of which.
Cujusl.-Cujuslibet, of any.

Cyath. thea-Cyatho theæ, in a cup of tea.
Decub.-Decubitus, lying down.
Deb. spiss.-Debita spissitudo, a proper consistent.

De d. in d.-De die in diem, from day to day.
Dej. alvi-Dejectiones alvi, throwings down of the

bowels,-stools.

Donec alv. sol. fuer.-Donec alvus solūta fuerit, t

the bowels shall have become relaxed.

Ejusd.— Ejusdem, of the same.
Enem.-Enema, a clyster; plural, enemǎta, clusters.
It is derived from the Greek, to inject, and
is of the neuter gender.

Ext. sup. alut.-Extende super alūtam, spread spe leather.

F. pil. xij.-Fac pilulas duodecim, make twelve pilk.
Feb. dur.-Febre durante, during the fever.
Fem. intern.-Femoribus internis, to the inner part of
the thighs.

Ft. embrocal.-Fiat embrocatio, let an embrocation be

made.

1

Ft. pil. ij.-Fiant pilula duodecim, let twelve pills |

be made.

PHARMECUSA, an island in the Egean Sea, where Julius Cæsar was seized by pirates. PHARMUTHI, in the ancient Egyptian chronology, one of the months of their year, answering to April in the Roman kalendar.

PHARNABAZUS, the son of Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, and a general under Artaxerxes Longimanus. See PERSIA. He betrayed the celebrated Alcibiades to his enemies. He flourished about A. A. C. 409.

PHARNACE, a town of Pontus. PHARNACES, the favorite son of Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, who ungratefully rebelled against him, and caused him to kill himself. He was defeated by Cæsar, in the expeditious battle of which he wrote home to Rome, Veni, Vidi, Vici. Pharnaces was afterwards killed in another battle with the Romans. See PONTUS.

PHARNACEUM, in botany, a genus of the trigynia order, belonging to the pentandria class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the twenty-second order, caryophylleæ. PHARNAPATES, a general of the Parthians, under Orodes, who was killed in battle by the Romans.

PHARNUS, a king of Media, who was conquered by Ninus king of Assyria. PHA'ROS, n. s. ? PHARE. the shore to direct ships. He augmented and repaired the port of Ostia, built a pharos or light-house. Arbuthnot on Coins. PHAROS is a pile or erection raised near a port, where fire is kept burning in the night, to direct vessels near at hand. The Pharos of Alexandria, built in the island of Pharos at the mouth of the Nile, was anciently very famous, insomuch as to communicate its name to all the rest. This most magnificent tower consisted of several stories and galleries, with a lantern at top, in which a light being continually burning,

From Pharos in Egypt. SA light-house; a lantern on

LIST of ABBREVIATIONS from Maugham's Papil's Pharmacopoeia

182

might be seen 100 miles off. It was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world. It was built by the architect Sostrates, a native of Cnidos, or, according to some, Deiphanes, the father of Soctrates; and cost Ptolemy Philadel phus 800 talents. The several stories were adorned with columns, balustrades, and gal leries of the finest marble and workmanship; to which some add, that the architect had contrived to fasten some looking-glasses so artificially against the highest galleries that one could see in them all the ships that sailed on the sea for a great way. Instead of this noble structure, there is now only an irregular castle, without ditches or outworks of any strength, out of which rises a tower, which serves for a lighthouse, but has nothing of the beauty and grandeur of the old one. The Colossus of Rhodes also served as a pharos.

PHAROS, in ancient geography, a small oblong island adjoining the continent of Egypt, over against Alexandria. On account of the port of Alexandria, the entrance to which was difficult and dangerous, the Pharos was called the key of Egypt, or of the Egyptian sea (Lucan); and Pharos, from being a proper name, is be come an appellative to denote all light-houses from the magnificent building of that description on the island. It stood upon four crabs of glass.

PHAROS, an island on the coast of Illyricum, now Lesina.

PHARPAR, or PHARPHAR, one of the rivers of Damascus, or rather an arm of the Barrady or Chrysorrhoas, which waters Damascus and the country about it. 2 Kings v. 12. The river of Damascus has its fountain in the moun tains of Lebanus. At its approach to the city it is divided into three arms, one of which passes through Damascus. The other two water the gardens round about, and then, reuniting, they lose themselves at four or five leagues from the

3

t

city, towards the north. See Maundrell's Travels from Aleppo to Jerusalem; also the articles ABANA and DAMASCUS.

PHARSALIA, an epic poem, composed by Lucan on the civil war between Pompey and Cæsar, and particularly on the victory of the latter over the former. It is a poem universally acknowledged to have both great beauties and great defects; but we are the less capable of estimating its merit as a whole, that either time has deprived us of the last books, or its author has left it incomplete.

PHARSALIA OF PHARSALIUM, PHARSALOS or PHARSALUS, a town of Phthiotis, a district of Thessaly, near Phere and Larissa, now Farsa, to which last place Pompey fled from the plains of Pharsalus. It is watered by the Enipeus, which falls into the Apidanus, and both into the Peneus. Between Pharsalus and Enipeus Pompey drew up his men at the fatal battle of Pharsalia. At the commencement of this battle the whole plain was covered, from Pharsalia to the Enipeus, with two armies, dressed and armed after the same manner, and bearing the same ensigns. At first both kept a mournful silence; but at length the trumpets sounded, and Cæsar's army advanced to begin the attack, when Caius Crastinus, a centurion, at the head of 120 men, threw himself upon the enemy's first line with incredible fury, and made a great slaughter of them. But while he was still pressing forward, forcing his way through the first line, one of Pompey's men ran at him with such violence that the point of his sword, piercing him in the mouth, came out at the hind part of his neck. Pompey's soldiers then took courage, and stood the enemy's onset. While the foot were thus sharply engaged in the centre, Pompey's horse in the left wing marched up, and, having widened their ranks with a design to surround Cæsar's right wing, charged his cavalry, and forced them to give ground. Hereupon Cæsar ordered his horse to retreat a little, and give way to the six cohorts, which he had posted in the rear as a body of reserve. These, upon a signal, coming up, charged the enemy's horse with determined resolution, aiming only at the faces of the enemy. This new manner of fighting had the desired effect. For the young patricians, whom Cæsar called the young dancers, not willing to have their faces deformed with scars, turned their backs, and fled in the utmost confusion, leaving the foot at the mercy of the enemy. Cæsar's men did not pursue them; but, charging the foot, now naked and unguarded, surrounded them, and cut most of them to pieces. Pompey was so transported with rage at seeing the flower of his forces thus cut in pieces, that he left his army, and retired slowly to his tent, without speaking a word, and continued there, like one distracted, till his whole army was defeated. Cæsar no sooner saw himself master of the field than he marched to attack Pompey in his entrenchments; upon which the latter stole out at the decuman gate, and took the road to Larissa, which city had hitherto shown great attachment to him, but where he was now murdered; though some say this happened at Pelusium. (See PoмFEY.) In the mean time Cæsar began the attack

on the enemy's camp, which was vigorously defended by the cohorts Pompey had left to guard it; but they were at length forced to yield. Cæsar was not a little surprised when, after having forced the entrenchments, he found the enemy had made preparations beforehand for a festival after the victory, which they thought certain. In Pompey's tent Cæsar found the box in which he kept his letters; but, with a magnanimity worthy of himself, he burnt them all, without reading one; saying that he had rather be ignorant of crimes than obliged to punish them. The next day, when the dead were numbered, it appeared that Casar had scarcely lost 200 men; among whom were about thirty centurions, whom he caused to be buried with great solemnity. He paid particular honors to the body of Crastinus, and ordered his ashes to be deposited in a tomb. On Pompey's side, the number of the dead amounted to 15,000 according to some, and to 25,000 according to others. Cæsar took 24,000 prisoners, eight eagles, and 180 ensigns.

PHARSALUS, or PHARSALIA, an extensive plain of Thessaly, between the above town and the Enipeus, in which the decisive battle abovementioned was fought.

PHARUS, in botany, a genus of the hexandria order, belonging to the monœcia class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the fourth order, gramina. The male calyx is a bivalved uniflorous glume; the corolla a bivalved glume; the female calyx the same with the male; the corolla a uniflorous, long, and wrapping glume. There is but one seed.

PHARUSII, or PHAURUSII, an ancient nation of Africa, beyond Mauritania.

PHARYBUS, a river of Macedonia, which runs into the Egean Sea; by some called Baphyrus.

PHARYCADON, an ancient, town of Macedonia, on the Peneus.

PHARYGE, an ancient town of Locris. PHARYNGOTOMY, n. s. Gr. φαρυγξ and Tεμvw, to cut. An incision into the pharynx or wind pipe, made when some tumor in the throat hinders respiration.

PHARNYX. See ANATOMY, Index.

PHARZA, or FARSA, a town of European Turkey in Janna, the ancient Thessaly, anciently called Pharsalia, fourteen miles south of Larissa. See FARSA and PHARSALIA.

PHASCUM, in botany, a genus of the order of musci, belonging to the cryptogamia class of plants. The anthera is operculated, with a ciliated mouth; the calyptræ are minute.

PHASE, or PHASES. See PHASIS. PHASELIS, an ancient town of Pamphylia, much frequented by pirates.

PHASELS. Lat. phaseoli. French beans.-Ainsworth. See PHASEOLUS.

PHASEOLUS, the kidney-bean; a genus of the decandria order, belonging to the diadelphia class of plants, and in the natural method ranking under the thirty-second order, papilionaceæ. Linnæus enumerates fifteen species. Of these, one comprehends many varieties. Those principally cultivated for the table are, 1. The common white, or Dutch kidney-bean; 2. The