PART I.

GRAMMATICAL FORMS.

CHAPTER I.

DIVISION OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS.

SECTION I.-GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS.

NOTE. The pupil is supposed to understand the Etymology of Grammar.

16. All the words which can enter into the structure of a sentence may be divided into,

1. SIGNIFICANT WORDS: i. e., those which express ideas.

2. CONNECTIVE WORDS: i. e., those which connect ideas or thoughts.

3. RELATION WORDS: i. e., those which show the relationship of ideas or thoughts.

17. Significant words are divided into three classes, viz:

1. SUBSTANTIVE WORDS: i. e., those which designate things or ideas, as, "man," "truth."

2. PREDICATIVE WORDS: i. e., those which designate acts or states of existence, as, "walks," "runs," "sleeps," "sits."

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3. ATTRIBUTIVE WORDS: i. e., those which designate qualities of things or ideas, acts or states, as, "great," greatly;" "wise," wisely."

18. Substantive words, as "grammatical parts of speech," are: 1. NOUNS, as, "Boston," "men," "goodness."

2. PRONOUNS, as, "he,'

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"we,"
"" them."

Predicative words are, grammatically considered,

1. VERBS, as, 66 works," "sits,"

""learns."

2. PARTICIPLES, as, "working," "sitting," "learning."

Attributive words are, grammatically considered,

1. ADJECTIVES, as, "great," "ten," "the."

2. ADVERBS, as, "greatly," "tenthly."

19 Hence the significant parts of speech, are,

1. THE NOUN and PRONOUN, (substantive terms.)

2. THE VERB and PARTICIPLE, (predicative terms.)

3. THE ADJECTIVE and the ADVERB, (attributive terms.) EXERCISE 1.-Distinguish the different kinds of significant terms in the following:

Good, well, works, me, is, them, sleeps, studies, noble, great, they, comes, rapidly, me, you, reads, house, wisely, sees, men, them, glorious, soon, yesterday, now, all, playing, grand, grandeur, flowers, loving, beautiful, excess, excellent, excellently, Boston, gold, gilded, gilding, gilt, gilds, golden, some, four, first, many.

SEC. II.-INTERCHANGE OF SIGNIFICANT TERMS.

20. In the preceding section, we have considered the different kinds of significant words, with reference to their primary and proper meaning. Now, by reason of ellipses, and abbreviations, and in many instances, through a necessity, arising from insufficiency of vocabulary in our language, terms properly belonging to one of the above mentioned classes, are frequently used to perform the office of one or of both the other classes. 21. Thus, for substantive terms, we have, 1. Predicative words, as, "A walk;” “ 2. Attributive words, as, "The good;" "the virtuous ; wise."

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a

ride; 66

a sail."

"the

They head the movement;

22. Again, for predicative terms, we have, 1. Substantive words, as, "shoulders responsibility;" "ships the goods."

2. Attributive words, as, "They better their condition; " (att. adj.) "Down, minions," (att. adv.)

3. Relation words, as, " On, ye brave."

23. Again, for attributive terms, we have,

1. Predicative words, as, "The advance guard;" "A mowing

machine."

2. Substantive words, as "Gold watches; "Silver ware; "A he goat."

3. Relation words, as, "The above remark;" 66 The within

statement,"

24. So likewise an attributive adverb is used sometimes for an attributive adjective, as, "The very man ; ""The people there.” 25. NOTE. A large proportion of the adjectives of material, in our language are properly substantives. Thus, gold, silver, tin, wood, wire, lead, &c., are all used as adjectives.

26. REMARK. From the above, it is evident that use, as well as signification, must be considered, in determining the real substantive, predicative, or a tributive character of a

term.

EXERCISE 2.-Distinguish the different kinds of terms in the following. Note such as are used out of their first and proper signification.

(ILLUSTRATION. "Shell combs." "Shell is a substantive word, used here as an attributive; "Comb" is a substantive word.)

Wood-houses, lead pipe, the then king, under side, stonebridges, building material, rain drops, by paths, steel saws, irou wheels, men servants, converging lines, long walks, she wolves, the house there, eating saloon, hand me a book, ship the goods, stone the thief, cast stones, fence a field, shoe the horse.

SEC. III.-CONNECTIVE-WORDS.

27. CONNECTIVE-WORDS, are used to join different thoughts. They may be divided into,

1. COÖRDINATE CONNECTIVES.

2. SUBORDINATE CONNECTIVES.

28. Coördinate Connectives are used to join coördinate elements. (See Chap. III., Sec. VIII.) They are the conjunctions: and, both, but, either, neither, or, nor, yet. The following adverbs likewise have often the force of connectives, viz: also, accordingly, besides, even, likewise, therefore, thereupon, hence, so, then, moreover, now, further, furthermore, still, nevertheless, consequently; and the expressions, as well as," 99.66 on the other hand."

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29. Of the above, the following are used correlatively, viz: both—and, either—or, neither-nor, and-also, and—likewise, now-now, not only-but also, "on the one hand-on the other hand."

30. Subordinate connectives are used to introduce subordinate elements, (See Chap. III., Sec. IV.) They are the conjunctions: as, although, albeit, because, if, lest, provided, seeing, that, though, than, unless, whereas.

31. The following prepositions have the force of connectives, when used to introduce clauses, viz: after, before, ere, for, except, since, save, without, until. The following combinations with the conjunction that, are mere connectives, viz: as that, because that, but that, so that, seeing that, now that, &c. So likewise the expressions, so as, as though, than if; some of which arise from an ellipsis of a clause. The expressions, "in as much as," (= since,) " in order that," (=that,) and "forasmuch as,” (= since,) are mere connectives.

EXERCISE 3.-Distinguish the different kinds of significant terms; also the coördinate and subordinate connectives. Note those words which are used out of their ordinary signification. We, and, you, though, either, see, seeing, because, begins, going, moreover, that, but, comes, lest, me, ye, or, in order that, whereas, almost, although, yet, useful, with, provides, provided, as, but that, as if, in as much as, as well as, not only-but also, both—and, unless.

Healing balms, tin roofs, ivory combs, Boston goods, pewter plates, a morning sail, the rising sun, a buffalo hunt, the after part of the ship.

SEC. IV.-RELATION-WORDS.

32. RELATION-WORDS express the relationship of significant thoughts. They consist of the following prepositions, viz: Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid or amidst, among or amongst, around, at, athwart; bating, before, behind, below, beneath, beside or besides, between or betwixt, beyond; concerning, down, during; ere, except, excepting; for, from; in, into; mid, midst; notwithstanding, of, out, over, overthwart; past, pending; regarding, respecting, round; since; through, throughout, till, to, touching, toward or towards; under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon; with, within, without.

33. NOTE 1. The following are sometimes used as relation-words, viz: Aslope, adown, afore, along, alongside, aslant, astride, atween, atwixt, across, dehors, despite.

34. NOTE 2. The adverb off, and the conjunction but, when followed by an objective case, are relation-words: as Off the table," ""All but John." The word a in such expressions as," a fishing," "a hunting," is a relation

:

35. The following expressions have the force of mere relationwords, viz as regards, according to, despite of, on account of, over against, in respect to, in place of, in lieu of, instead of, in case of, in conformity with, round about, on account of, for the sake of, for the purpose of, out of.

EXERCISE 4.-Distinguish the different kinds of significant words, the connectives, and the relation-words, in the following. Note those words which are used out of their proper signifi

cation.

Up, on, upon, about, lest, side, beside, be, not, with, standing, notwithstanding, under, understanding, either, until, till, since, touch, touching me, he said touching the affair, cause, causing, decay, because, respect, respectable, remarked respecting the case, concern, was concerned, spoke concerning the war, this thing concerned me, yonder, beyond, goes a fishing, a fishing voyage, the building of the ships, they man the ships, cried out from above, over against the stone bridge, according to my view, went instead of you, walked round about Boston, argued in conformity with reason, sound the brass bell, broke a glass goblet, went for the sake of seeing the city, angry because of me, out of doors.

SEC. V.-RELATIVE-WORDS.

36. We have seen that all words either express thoughts, connect thoughts, or show the relationship of different thoughts. Now some words perform two of these offices, viz: express thoughts and connect thoughts at the same time. These words are termed Relatives.

37. A RELATIVE, therefore, is a word which combines the offices of a significant word and a connective word. Thus, "He built a house, in which he lived ""He built a house and in it he lived." Here which is equivalent to and―it; that is, a substantive and a connective.

38. NOTE. These words are termed relatives, because they relate or refer to a substantive, called the antecedent. Thus house, in the above example is the antecedent of the following relative. Sometimes, however, these words have no antecedents, as, "Did what he wished."