language the prepositions to, in, into and sometimes for and with are used in "En 500. The phrase-form occurs most frequently with predicatives of dividing and arranging, changing and transforming, combining and developing. It is likewise found with idiomatic expressions; as, "Smite with palsy." Come to blows." Struck with blindness." "Put to rout." 66 501. Like the word-form it sometimes involves the element of Degree. In this use the relation-word to is commonly used; as, "Burnt to a crisp." Frozen to death." "Heated to redness." "Sharpened to a point." Like the word-form also, it is sometimes merely iterative in force. In this use the relation-word with is commonly employed; as, "Rejoice with great joy." "Cried with a loud voice." "Swore with an oath." 66 Judged with many judgments."-Cicero. So the phrase-form may express price, value, merit, crime, &c. (496). Here the relation-words at. for, of and to are likewise used; as, "Was held at five guineas." "Was apprized at ten pounds." "Was charged with theft." Was accused of stealing." "Was sentenced to death." 502. The clause-form of the Factitive Object is only rarely used. Of course when a clause expresses what already exists either as a fact, or a conception, we have the Suf'g Object (504); as, "We know him to be honest." (An existing fact.) "We believe him to be honest." (An existing opinion.) But "He invented what everybody admired." (Something produced, hence Fact. Obj.) So, They made him (to be) president." "Caused the enemy to retreat." 503. Adjective elements frequently express the Factitive Object. "The invention of printing." (=inventing printing). "Manufacturing of cloth." "A healing balm." (Producing health.) "The wish that he would come." (App. Adj.) So indirect forms. "A division into parts." 'Development into life." 66 504. This Objective may be easily distinguished from the Suffering Object;-for it is evident that every Suffering Object had an existence prior to the time of the action of the predicative, else it could not be acted upon; it is equally manifest that every Factitive Object could have no such prior existence, since it is the product cf the act itself, Hence this point of distinction will always enable us to decide between the two. EXERCISE 63.-Analyze the following, defining the different kinds of Objectives. 1. Builds ships. 2. Was divided into parts. 3. Came among us. 4. Lived with wild beasts. 5. Went from among them (79). 6. Declares his will among the people. 7. Retired to private life. 8. Meditates on death. 9. Came into use. 10. Plunged the nation in deep grief. 11. Has gone out of the business. 12. Saw a dreadful sight. 13. Was fined ten pounds. 14. Books worth much money. 15. Was dashed into a thousand pieces. 16. Fractions reduced to their lowest terms. 17. Strips narrowed to a point. 18. Goblets of silver, engraved with beautiful figures and flowers. 19. Peo ple frightened to death at the sight of the ocean. 20. Rescued them from danger. 21. Applies himself to study. 22. Am thinking about what you said. 23. Houses burnt to ashes. 24. Cloth colored a pale blue. Analyze, define the Objective Elements, and parse. 25. A small spark makes a great fire. 26. Empty vessels make the greatest sound. 27. Cherish the buds of virtue and they will blossom into benevolence. 28. He who promises runs in debt. 29. Egbert, the first King of Wessex, united the seven Saxon Kingdoms, called the Heptarchy, into one Monarchy. 30. Henry VII. taught the peaceful arts of civilized life to a warlike and turbulent people. 31. Pin not your faith on another's sleeve. 32. Repeat not among strangers what you hear among friends. 33. "Rachel said, With great wrestlings (501, 2d Rem.) have I wrestled with my sister, and I have prevailed.""-Bible. 34. "Leah said, God hath endowed me with a good dowry, now will my husband dwell with me.' 6 35. "In the human breast Two ruling passions cannot coexist.-Campbell. SEC. X.-THE ATTRIBUTIVE OBJECT. 505. The Attributive Object combines the idea of the Suffering Object with the Adverbial notion of Cause; as, "Laments his fate." "Here" his fate is at the same time the object and the exciting cause of the emotion expressed by the predicative "laments." 506. This modifier is always found with predicatives of "Mental Feeling and Emotion." (222.) 507. The word-form is sometimes an infinitive; as, "Delights to do good." "Am sorry to leave you." "Am glad to see you." 508. The phrase.form is of most frequent occurrence. The relation-words are commonly in, at, about, with. for, by, upon; as, Rejoices at your sucGrieves at his misfortunes." cess." "Glories in their advancement." 509. The clause-form may be any one of the substantive clause construc. tions, excepting only the infinitive; as, Rejoices that you were successful." (Dem. Cl.) "Rejoices at your having been successful." (Part. Cl. Adjunc.) Was pleased at what he said." (Rel. Cl. Adjunc.) 510. The Attributive Object in the Latin and the Greek sometimes involves the attributive notion of Means as well as Cause. 511. Adjective Elements are frequently Attributive Objects in logical force; as, "Exultation at his success." "Laughter at his eccentricity." "Amazement at the sight." "Grief at his death." 512. The fact that these objectives always occur with words expressive of Mental Feeling or Emotion, of which they are the exciting cause, will enable us easily to detect them. 513. This Element is one of peculiar interest and importance in the Latin and the Greek. In these languages it has a grammatical construction of its own, which can only be thoroughly understood by first understanding the logical character of the Element itself. EXERCISE 64.-Analyze and define the Objective Elements. 8. Cast a shade. 9. Is grieved at his loss. 12. Talks about trifles. 1. Shuddered at the sight. 2. Concerned for his money. 3. Melted iron to a liquid. 4. Jealous of his friend. 5. Diminished their numbers to one-half. 6. Entered into the conspiracy. 7. Boasts of his success. Was thrown into a fever (497). 10. 11. Was removed from his position. 13. Devoted himself to the sciences. with him. 15. Am vexed with you. failure. 17. Revolves around its axis (480). 14. Am reconciled 16. Ashamed of my 19. Never Analyze, define the Objective Elements, and parse. 18. Make not a jest at another's infirmities. sport with pain or poverty. 20. Henry, a celebrated English divine, wrote a Commentary on the English Bible (474). 21. John Locke published two treatises on Civil Government. 22. Oliver Goldsmith wrote an essay entitled an Inquiry into the Present State (474) of Political Learning. 23. The Roman people were struck with horror (497) at the murder of Cæsar. 24. "His opening and closing the debate (109), his taking on himself that great enterprise, at the thought of which the whole infernal assembly trembled, his encountering the hideous phantom who guarded the gates of hell, are instances of that daring mind which could not brook submission."-Addison. SEC. XI. THE COMBINED OBJECT. 514. The most usual combinations of the Objective Element are the following, viz: the Suffering and Factitive, denoting the same person or thing; as, Named him (Suf'g) John (Fact.). Cut a log (Suf'g) to pieces (Fact.). Gathered the stones (Suf'g) into a heap (Fact.). 515. The Suffering and Factitive denoting different persons or things; as, "Strike one (Suf'g) a blow" (Fact.). "Put a ball (Suf'g) in motion” (Fact.). "Build a house (Fact.) for me" (Suf'g). 516. The Suffering and the Attributive; as, "Prides himself (Suf'g) upon his promotion" (Att.). 517. The Factitive and the Attributive; as, "Makes sport (Fact.) at their misfortunes” (Att.). 518. Two Suffering Objects; as, "Teach me Latin." "Ask him a question." Give me a present.” 519. Sometimes several Objectives are thus found in combination; as, "He said this (Fact.) to me (Obj. Add.) about his friend" (Obj. Att.). "Grieved himself (Suf'g) to death (Fact.) at the loss" (Att.). 520. After certain verbs, as make, create, constitute, esteem, &c. (224), an infinitive clause, with an omitted copula, must not be confounded with the Combined Object; as, "Made him King." Here evidently him is not the object of made; for the sense is not "made him," but "made him (to be) King" (100). "The 521. Adjective Elements may express the Combined Objective; as, choice of Lincoln (Suf 'g) President" (Fact.). "The conversion of the heathen (Suf'g) to Christianity" (Fact.). "The division of the army (Suf'g) into companies" (Fact.). EXERCISE 65.-Analyze and define the different Objectives. 1. A slave to pleasure. 2. Attention to little things. 3. Free from debt. 4. Acquitted of crime. 5. Preys upon the flocks (185). 6. Was in great danger. 7. Took possession (497) of the throne (460). 8. Converses with him. 9. Complains of his conduct. 10. Abstains from wine. 11. Sur renders to the enemy. 12. Delights in music. 13. Took a bad cold. 14. Finds fault with everything. 15. Interceded for him. 16. Choose him King (520). 17. Named him John. 18. Broke the stone into fragments. 19. Rocked the child to sleep. 20. Smote him with leprosy. 21. Engraved the vase with figures. 22. Reduced to a skeleton. 23. Wept with loud lamentation (501, 2d Rem.). Analyze, define the Objective Elements, and parse. 24. Jupiter is said to have transformed himself into the figure of the goddess Diana. 25. "I shall laugh myself to death at the puppy-headed monster."-Shak. 26. “ Kings make the sorrows of mankind their sport."-Cowper. 27. "Speak no ill of the dead or absent." 28. "The bells of the churches were melted and cast into cannon."-Hume. 29. "Loud threatenings make men stubborn." 30. "Elizabeth publicly threatened that she would have the head of whoever had ordained it."—Hume. 31. "Methought the billows spoke and told me of it. CHAPTER III. THE ADJECTIVE ELEMENT. SEC. I.-DIVISIONS OF THIS MODIFIER. 522. The Adjective Element may be used either as a modifier; as, "The wise men," or as the complement in a predicative term; as, "The men are wise." It expresses some quality of a thing or thought, or some circumstance connected with the same. Hence it may be divided into, |