regularly take the REL.-JNDIC. regimen. When however the principal verb is in the Inf. or Subj. the mood is changed to the Subj.

Quem sors dierum cunque dabit lucro appone, whatever day fortune shall give you, account for gain.-Hor.

SUMMARY.

901-1. DECLARATIVE Clauses take the INF. or Part. clausal construction.

2. With impersonal forms signifying "it remains," "happens," &c., they take the Ur-SUBJ. regimen.

3. When used to express an historical fact, or the Causal Object the QUOD-INDIC. form is often used.

4. IMPERATIVE Clauses take the UT-SUBJ. regimen.

5. SUBSTANTIVE Clauses with words of Fearing and Caution have an imperative force and take the UT-SUBJ. form.

6. With veto and jubeo, regularly; with words of wishing and permitting, frequently; and occasionally with others, the INF. C-F. is used.

7. INTERROGATIVE and EXCLAMATORY Clauses take the REL.-SUBJ. regimen.

8. These clauses are termed Indirect Questions in the text books.

9. INDEFINITE Clauses take the REL.-INDIC. regimen.

10. When they depend upon an Inf. or Subj. they are put in the Subj. mood.

11. Indefinite Clauses take the REL.-INDIC. regimen, except when used as modifiers of other clauses in the Inf.or Suby.

20*

LOGICAL ELEMENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE PRIMARY ELEMENTS, (439-451). THE SUBJECT AND THE COMPLEMENT.

902-1. The W-F. of the Subj. may be any part of speech that can be used substantively (206). The Subj. when a declinable word takes the Nom. case-form (365).

Rex vicit, the king conquered.

2. Infinitive and Participial clauses have no control over the case-forms of their subject (366). This depends on their prior grammatical construction with other words in the proposition, or upon the specific logical force of the entire clause as a modifier (870).

3. The C-f. of the Subj. may be any one of the five C-fs (83), except the Conj. Thus when the Subj. is a Dec. Cl. it takes regularly the INF. or PART. form (896); when an Imp. Cl. it takes regularly the UT-SUBJ. (Dem.) form (897); when an Int. or an Excl. Cl. the REL.-SUBJ. form (898, 899); and when an Indef. Cl. the REL.-INDIC. form (900).

903. THE COMPLEMENT. Any word or expression that can be used as the Subj. of a proposition, can likewise be used as the Comp. (206, 281). When a declinable word it takes the Nom. case-form the same as the Subj.

Cicero Consul fuit, Cicero was consul.

When a C-f., the particular kind of clause which is used depends upon the same principles precisely as those which control the clause-form of the Subj. (918).

THE SUBJECT WITH PASSIVE VERBS.

904-1. The Dir. Obj. of a verb in the Active Voice, becomes the Subj. of the same in the Pass. Voice.

W-f. vidit Cæsarem, saw Cæsar. (Act. Voice). Cæsar visus est, Caesar was seen. (Pass. Voice). C-F. Vidit Cæsarem pugnare, saw Cæsar fight. (Act. Vc.) Cæsar pugnare visus est, Cæsar was seen to fight. (Pass. Vc.)

The Indir. Obj. of a verb in the Act. Voice cannot become the Subj. of the same in the Pass. Voice (236); nor can it, as in English (445), become the grammatical Nom. to the Pass. Verb.

Dixit tibi, spoke to you. (Act. Vc.) Tibi dictum est, (it was spoken to you). You were spoken to. (Pass. Vc.)

SUMMARY.

905-1. The W-F. of the Subject may be any Substan.tive Element (206).

2. Infinitive and Participial Clauses have no control over the case-form of their Subject.

3. The C-F. of the Subject may be either a Dem., Inf., Part., or Rel. Clause.

4. The logical character of the clause (316) determines which of the four forms above mentioned must be used.

5. The Comp. may take any grammatical form that the Subj. may have.

6. The Dir. Obj. in the Active Voice becomes the Subj. in the Pass. Voice.

7. The Indir. Obj, in the Active Voice cannot become the Subj. in the Pass. Voice.

8. The Nom. Case-form of the Indir. Obj cannot be used as the grammatical Nom. to the verb in the Pass. as in English.

SECTIONS I. AND II. (451-462).-THE DIRECT SUFFERING OBJECT (457-461).

(451-457 same as in English.)

906-1. The W-F. of the D. Suf. Obj. is put in the Acc. Vicit regem, conquered the king.

2. The GEN. P-F. (458) is used with predicative adjectives and substantives.

Avidus laudis, desirous of praise. Amor virtutis, love of virtue.

3. The C-F. may be any one of the four Sub. C-fs. (208,

216). Which one is to be used in a given construction depends entirely upon the logical character of the clause (316, 902, 3).

DEC. INF. C-F. Me consulem fecistis, made me (to be) consul.-Cic. (902). DEC. PART. C-F. Gracchum rempublicam vexantem a Q. Tuberone derelictum videbamus, we saw Gracchus harrassing the republic and abandoned by Q. Tubero.-Cic.

DEC. PART. C-F. Me proficiscentem haud sane quis facile retraxerit, no one indeed can easily prevent my (me) going.-Cic. (109, 902).

IMP. DEM. C-F. Me impulit ut ita crederem, compelled me to believe so.-Cic. (275, 1). Tu velim animum avertas, I wish you to turn your attention from me.-Cic. (275, 5.905).

REL. INT. C-F. Memoratu quam facile coaluerint, to tell how easily they united.-Nepos. (908).

REL. EXCL. C-F. Intelligit quantum periculi consuli impendeat, perceives how great danger overhangs the consul.-Nepos. (911).

4. The mixed form of the Objective Clause-form sometimes occurs (246). Nosti Marcellum quam tardus sit, you know Marcellus how slow he is.

5. Adjective Elements are often Suf. Objs. in logical force.

Antiquitatis amor, love of antiquity (906, 2). So the possessive pronouns, nostra, caede, our slaughter-slaughter of us.-Cic.

THE OBJECT OF ADDRESS (462-469).

907-1. This modifier may be either Direct or Indirect. Thus,

(1). DIRECT. Pro di immortales ! O immortal Gods.Plaut.

(2). INDIRECT (a) Telling. Dii ad quos precentur, the Gods to whom they pray.-Liv.

(b). Asking (463). A diis precor pacem, I beg peace of the Gods.-Cic.

2. DIRECT ADDRESS.

(1). The W-F. is a Vocative Case-form.

Quid est Catalina; why is it, Cataline?-Cic.

(2). The P-F. never occurs.

(3). The C-F. (in one instance at least), is a Relative clause. O quam te memorem, O, what shall I call you ?—Virg.

3. INDIRECT ADDRESS,-Telling.

(1). The W-F. is an Acc. Case-form. This form occurs very rarely and usually with verbs compounded with ad. Affari te, to address you.-Cic.

(2). The P-F. is the common form and is expressed generally by the Dat.

Tibi promitto, I promise you.-Cic. Mihi responsum dedit, gave the reply to me.-Cic.

When Emphasis is desired, however, or when a person is addressed by letter or messenger, the Acc. with ad. is common. Ad me P. Valerius scripsit. P. Valerius wrote to me.

(3). The C-f. never occurs.

908-1. INDIRECT ADDRESS, Asking. The W-f. is expressed by the Acc.

Rogo te, I ask you.—Cic.

2. The P-f. is the ABL. with ab or ex (463).

Quaesiverat ex me Scipio, Scipio had inquired of me.-Cic.

This form of address corresponds precisely to the English "ask of,” “inquire of." Thus we may say "ask one about this," or "inquire of one about

this."

3. The C-f. never occurs.

4. Adjective Elements often occur as in English (468).

THE OBJECT OF ATTENTION (470-474).

909-1. The W-F. is an adjective and rarely occurs (474).

2. The P-F. is almost invariably expressed by the Abl. with de.

De senectute aliquid (906) ad te (907,3) conscribere, to write something to you on old age.-Cic. De adventu Marii cognoverunt, learned of the approach of Marius.-Sall.

3. Very rarely in the poets the ABL. with super is used.

Multa super Priamo rogitans, asking many things about Priam.—Virg.

4. In a few instances the Acc. with in or circa is found.

Quod apud Platonem in philosophos dictum est, what was said in Plato about the philosophers.-Cic. Epigramma in Cleombratum est, there is an epigram on Cleombratus.-Cic. Vâria circa haec opinio, a diverse opinion respecting these things.-Plin.

5. With words of admonishing, the Gen. is sometimes used.

Milites (906) temporis monet, admonishes the soldiers of the occasion.-Tact. 6. The C-F. is generally a Part. clause.

De praelio facto audiebatur, there was a report about a battle having been fought.-Sallust. Caecilius de sene alteri prospiciente (dixit), Caecilius said, about an old man looking forward to a future age.-Cic.