SEC. VIII.—THE REGEMEN OF SUBSTANTIVE TERMS. THE SUBJECT.

365. When the subject of a proposition is of the Wordform, it is put in the nominative case (335); as, "We study." "Thou art." "If he is." "Since you are." "Who came."

366. Infinitive and Participial clauses have no control over the cases of their subject forms. They may be, therefore, in the nominative case, or in the objective case, according to their prior grammatical connection with the principal verb; that is, according as they indicate apparently the subject or the object of the same; as, "He was thought to be wise." Nom. case, as if it were in sense "he was thought." They thought him to be wise." Obj. case, as if the sense were thought him."

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367. After words of Fearing, Hindering, Preventing, and Encour aging, and some others, an objective participial clause has its subjectform in the Possessive case, to prevent ambiguity (109); as, “(We fear) his coming," which conveys a different meaning from,-" We fear him, coming."

368. When the subject-form of a Participial clause has no grammatical connection with the principal verb, it is put in the nominative case. This construction, since the case-form has no grammatical regimen, is usually termed the nominative absolute; as, “He being away, only two remain."

369. When, however, this construction would occasion ambiguity, (109) the possessive case is employed; as, "His being away prevented our promotion." Here, if the nominative were used, (thus, "He being away, &c.,") it would not be certain whether the pronoun, or the clause, should be considered the real subject-form of the proposition.

370. Adjunctive Infinitive clauses have their subject-form in the objective case; as, "For him to be away is unusual."

Here the preposition controls the case of the pronoun while it marks the relationship of the clause.

371. Adjunctive Participial clauses have their subject-forms in the Possessive case (111); as, "Because of his being wise."

372. REMARK. Here again we violate grammatical consistency to prevent ambiguity of meaning (13); for if the objective case were used, it would not always be clear, whether the preceding preposition was designed to mark the relationship of the pronoun simply, or of the whole clause (110). This ambiguity of meaning is most likely to occur in the case of pronouns and proper names. When, therefore, other substantives are used, our best writers quite uniformly use the objective case and thus conform to the general grammatical principle (394); as, "Apprehension of serious EVIL resulting."-London Review. "Instances of the present PARTICIPLE being used passively."-Murray's Grammar. "Examples of ADVERBS being used for substantives."-Priestley's Grammar. "Speaks of the house of ISRAEL being restored."-Dr. Scott. By the ATTRIBUTIVE belonging to it."-Dr. Taylor.

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373. Whenever the subject-form of a Participial clause is put in the possessive case, since it has no grammatical case-regimen with any other word in the proposition, it should be parsed as possessive absolute, just

as a nominative subject-form is parsed as nominative absolute under similar circumstances (368).

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374. In Adjunctive Relative clauses, the clausal verb, and not the relation-word, controls the case-form of the relative; as, Speaks to whosoever listens," (365) (not whomsoever). "Much depends on who the commander is," (not on whom). Care must be exercised, however, not to confound here relative phrases with relative clauses (81).

375. The subject, sometimes, particularly in the answer to a question, and after than or as, has its predicate understood; as, “Who spoke ?" "I (spoke)." "You are taller than I (am); but not so tall as he (is)."

376. The subject usually precedes the verb; but in imperative and interrogative sentences, and where the predicate is emphatic, the subject often follows the verb, or is placed between the verb and its auxiliary; as, "Go thou." "Did he come." "May you be happy." Great is Diana."

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377. The subject of infinitive and participial clauses, when the same as that of the principal verb, is usually omitted (113).

Grammatical mistakes can occur under these rules only in the use of the five pronouns I, THOU, HE, SHE and wio (334).

EXERCISE 37.-Correct such examples as are faulty,-explain why, analyze and parse.

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1. He is quite as good as me. 2. I speak to whomsoever listens to me. 3. Who do you think to be in fault. 4. Who think you is the guilty one. 5. Am sure of his being a scholar. "You are a much greater loser than me, by his death."-Swift. 7. "Whom I know would be very apt to justify my whole procedure."-Barclay. 8. "Do not think such a man as me contemptible for my garb."-Addison. 9. "The Jesuits had more interests at court than him."-Smollet. 10. "The person whom he imagined was concealed there."-Kirkham. 11. "He offered

a great recompense to whomsoever would help him."-Hume. 12. "We sorrow not as them that have no hope."-Matwin, 13. Solomon who was wiser than them all. 14. "He offered his daughter in marriage to whomsoever might subdue the place." -Irving. 15. Let James and I commence our studies. 16. It is not fit for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land. 17. I sorrowed as they that have no hope. 18. Who think you has arrived-Me. 19. Who think you to have come-Me. 20. His arriving so early surprised us. 21. He having arrived at an early hour we departed. 22. They prevented his coming. 23. We saw him coming.

SEC. IX. THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM, (Con.)

THE OBJECT.

378. When the object of a proposition is of the word-form, it is put in the Objective case (335); as, "Struck him.” "Loved

us."

379. The Factative Object (See Part II,) after Intransitive and Passive verbs, is put in the nominative case; as, "The water became wine." "She was named Mary." "He grew a man." "He was struck a blow." Here the words in italics are all in the nominative case.

Mistakes under this rule can be made only in the use of the five pronouns, I, THOU, HE, SHE, and wнO (334).

EXERCISE 38.-Correct the faulty examples and explain the grammatical principle violated. Analyze and parse each.

1. Whom did you meet? She who you saw. 2. He who is idle reprove. 3. They that honor me, I will honor. 4. Who do you think I am? 5. Inquired who I thought was seen. 6. Asked who I thought to have been seen. 7. Who did you see? Her who you said was at your house. 8. He who committed the offence you should punish, not I who am innocent. 9. Who did you say they heard singing? We, who were singing at the time. 10. Who do you think was heard singing? 11. Who did you say you saw run? 12. Who said he did you see? He who I thought was my friend said I. 13. Who do they think to have been in fault? 14. Who was found to have been in fault? 15: Who, was it proven, was in fault? 16. Who do you believe to be guilty? He, who we made captain of our company. 17. Who did you feel touching you? She, who was seen touching me. 18. "Let not him boast that puts on his armor, but he that takes it off."-Barclay. 19. Let none touch it but them who are clean. 20. "Let the sea roar and the fulness thereof, the world and they that dwell therein.”—Bible. 21. "Be careful who you trust. 22. He found his wife's clothes on fire, and she just expiring (105).

23. "Nor knows he who it is his arms pursue,

With eager clasps, but loves he knows not who."

Addison.

SEC. X.-THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM, (Con.) THE APPOSITIVE. (Adjective El.)

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380. A substantive term of the word-form, used as an Appositive, is put in the same case as its base; as, "This is my friend, HE whom you saw." They killed James, HIM who was mentioned." "I spoke to Mrs. B., HER that was Miss C." "This was related of Dr. West, HIM who translated Pindar." They believed him to be Brown, HIM who was mentioned." "He was believed to be Brown, HE who was speaking." "I am certain of its being Brown, HIM, etc." "Its being Brown, HE who escaped, surprised us."

381. When two or more terms, in apposition, constitute a possessive adjective element, the sign of the possessive case is written with the one immediately preceding the modified noun, either expressed or implied, and is understood with the other or others; as, "We came to our FRIEND WILSON'S plantation.” "I called at Smith's (store), the bookseller," or "at Smith, the bookseller's (store)."

Mistakes under this rule can be made only in the use of the five inflected pronouns.

EXERCISE 39.- Correct such examples as are faulty, and explain why. Analyze and parse each example.

1. I met your cousin, her who you thought to be away. 2. Milton visited Galileo, he who made so many scientific discoveries. 3. Will you thus requite me, I who have toiled for you. 4. Grant, he that commanded the Nixon, I highly esteemed. 5. Have you never heard of Howard, he who was so celebrated as a philanthropist. 6. "Come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thou."-Bible. 7. "The word came not to Israel, but to Jacob, the plain man, him that dwelt in tents."- Wm. Penn. 8. "He never let fall the least intimation that himself, or any other person whomsoever was the object of worship."-Hannah Adams' View. 9. "Our Shepherd, him who is styled King of Saints, will assuredly give his saints the victory."-Lemon. 10. "It may seem odd to talk of we subscribers."-Fowler. 11. "Come thou, we will make a covenant, thee and me."-Bible. "The heavenly Man, the Emanuel, we own and believe in, he whom the high priests raged against."-Fox. 13. "I supposed

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it necessary to send you Epaphroditus, my brother and companion in labor, and fellow soldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants."-Bible.

14. "The sons of false Antandrus were slain,

He, who for bribes his faithless counsels sold."-Pope.

15. "See the vile king his iron sceptre bear;

His only praise attends the pious heir,

He in whose soul the virtues all conspire."-Dr. Lowth.

SEC. XI. THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM, (Con.) THE POSSESSIVE. (Adjective El.)

382. When a substantive term of the Word-form is used to limit another substantive, not as an appositive, it is put in the possessive case; as, "Hume's History." "Our friends."

383. When the posssessive term is a complex word-form, the possessive termination is added to the subordinate; as, "John the Baptist's head." The Mayor of London's carriage." "Jeremiah the prophet's Lamentations." "The prophet Jeremiah's Lamentations."

384. If, however, the subordinate of a complex possessive element, is itself complex or compound, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the possessive base; as, "This Psalm is David's, the prophet, priest and king." "This is Brown's, the jeweller, who has just come to town.'

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385. When the possessive element is a complex phraseform, the sign may be annexed to either the base, or the subordinate; as, "I called at Smith's, the bookseller;" or, "I called at Smith, the bookseller's."

386. When the possessive element is a compound wordform, and the coördinates are taken together, the sign should be annexed only to the last coördinate; as, “Jane and Lucy's book." "John, George and Henry's father."

387. If, however, the base is compound instead of the possessive, one or more of its coördinates being omitted, (172) the sign should be annexed to each possessive; as, "Brown's and Smith's farm." (Brown's farm and Smith's farm.) "The king's and people's approbation."